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    <title>Review C</title>
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    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008-01-16:/reviewc//227</id>
    <updated>2009-05-15T10:34:29Z</updated>
    <subtitle>A yearly periodical by students of the master of AC at Maastricht University.
Een jaarlijks periodiek door studenten van de master CWS aan Maastricht University.</subtitle>
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<entry>
    <title>Playing Paint and Painted Play</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2009/04/playing-paint-and-painted-play.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2009:/reviewc//227.7059</id>

    <published>2009-04-15T12:54:51Z</published>
    <updated>2009-05-15T10:34:29Z</updated>

    <summary>by Ruxandra E. Todosi Forget criticism. Forget art history. Forget chronology and artistic divisions. Recall Cobra years: the post‑war struggle for upturned definitions of expression, the breaking with past constraints, the class clash, the desolation; the revival of youth. Erected...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
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        <![CDATA[<p><em>by Ruxandra E. Todosi</em></p>

<p>Forget criticism. Forget art history. Forget chronology and artistic divisions. Recall Cobra years: the post‑war struggle for upturned definitions of expression, the breaking with past constraints, the class clash, the desolation; the revival of youth.</p>

<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cobra14.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cobra14.html','popup','width=703,height=467,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2009/04/cobra1-thumb-200x132.jpg" width="200" height="132" alt="cobra1.jpg" class="mt-image-left" style="float: left; margin: 0 20px 20px 0;" /></a></span><p>Erected as a protest against early twentieth century culture‑packed intellectual figures, the Cobra artistic moment empowered a ludic avocation against residual surrealistic stumps, a veracious taste for creativity on a loose leash, and a frolicsome process of regaining the light‑hearted spirit of genuine conception. It proclaimed art engendered <em>by </em>the masses, not merely <em>for </em>the masses and it dispersed an embryonic language articulated through the shared dreams of three city esprits: <em>Co</em>penhagen, <em>Br</em>ussels, <em>A</em>msterdam.<br /><br />
</p></p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>The CoBrA acronym did not allude to national heritage or regional canons. It fused together spirits and horizons, primarily those of the six artists initially united on November 8th, 1948, to sign a declaration in the Parisian Café Notre‑Dame. Asger Jorn was the Danish exponent, Christian Dotremont and Joseph Noiret were on the Brussels side, and Constant Nieuwenhuys, Karel Appel and Corneille representatives of the Dutch aesthetic revolution. The very name they have adopted was meant to renounce all taxonomic traps and denote a resilient beast able to subsist on its own.</p>

<p>Although spurred by Northern Expressionism and Surrealist influences, this second wave of primitivist experiments constitutes the European counterpart to Abstract Expressionism, the latter a proud and singular emblem of North American modern art taken seriously by Europeans. Cobra art combined predominantly literary and communist Belgian tints of revolutionary Surrealism with the more pragmatic approach of Dutch experimental art stripped of <em>De Stijl</em>'s rigid geometry or Van Gogh's coercive print. Fuelling them was the Danish engine of rich fantasy, with its national folk motifs and hallucinatory mythology.</p>

<p>The resulting aesthetic was blatantly abstract, vital and crude, eliciting both anxiety and exuberance, and embracing a Proustian pursuit of <em>l'art perdu</em>. It discarded Breton's psychic‑automatism dictums and shook the Parisian plumage off its <em>cockerels</em>, albeit that French remained its official language. Even so, language was the only purely French ingredient allowed within Cobra, voiced in an anti‑Parisian cluster of nonconformistic expressions.</p>

<p>In following the wider project of settling the first Cobr<em>istic</em> (...a joke, of course) museum in Belgium and the second international one after the Amstelveen museum in Holland, the Brussels Royal Museums of Fine Arts assembled a 60th‑anniversary exposé in order to revive and commemorate this mid‑century artistic idiosyncrasy so often absent from European recollections.</p>

<p>Pacing across the entrance corridors of the Brussels Museum of Modern Art, one can gauge the heaviness of the past -- a past infiltrated with the omnipresence of sacred giants and their ineluctable legacy. Just before stepping into the underground cradle reserved to the Cobra crusaders, the legacy of such giants raises one more coercive finger in abruptly exposing a wooden and <em>gigantic </em>statue of <em>Diana </em>(1937) by Ossip Zadkine, curiously juxtaposed to a 1951 photograph of Cobra affiliates on the steps of the Liège <em>Palais dex Beaux‑Arts</em>. It alludes to hunting, one should comfort him‑ or herself with, and draw a far‑fetched connection to a cobra serpent.</p>

<p>By following the <em>Cobra </em>word printed on the walls in various sizes and fonts, the visitor arrives to the archival atrium that hosts a comprehensive pre‑Cobra textual and imagistic repository of its coiled inception: manifesto pages, declarative textual excerpts (such as fragments from the Dutch <em>Reflex </em>or the Danish <em>Helhesten</em>), cover drafts, photographs, exhibition catalogues, sketches and drawings of snakes, chickens, monsters or tiny horses ascribed to various Cobra members and respective epiphanies.</p>

<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cobra22.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cobra22.html','popup','width=699,height=465,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2009/04/cobra2-thumb-400x266.jpg" width="400" height="266" alt="cobra2.jpg" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a></span>"No politeness in art -- art is brutish desire" is splashed on one of the walls. This Cobra quotation construes over 190 compositional works about to become subject to scrutiny. However, the phlegmatic, yellow‑paged atmosphere and silence of this preliminary compartment are nowhere close to arousing brutish desire just yet. Theoretical sources continue to tease the guest's patience as a set of wall‑sized souvenir photographs from Cobra's golden years emerges in the subsequent chamber and reproduces the physical settings designed by architect Van Eyck for the two major Cobra events held in Amsterdam (1949), and Liège (1951). In the centre lies a cadre sheltering six of Henry Heerup's rather clumsy granite sculptures from 1949, seated onto a coal carpet -- which marks another reference to the original assemblage of the 1951 exhibition and an indirect allusion to the veridicity of Cobra's down‑to‑<em>earth </em>artistic intent.</p>

<p>After the pre‑Cobra documentative sector, the exhibition follows distinct, and to an unknowing eye obscure themes. Not every visitor will have my privilege of an insightful interview with exhibition curator and designer Anne Adriaens‑Pannier, and thus may easily disregard the mindful order in which the galleries unravel: Danish precursors first, followed by visual homages paid to the ethos of child art and animal symbolism, closing with a series of drawing technique confrontations between Belgian artists. The latter withhold a surprise‑effect black‑and‑white corner with calligraphic representations and artistic photographs, which eventually converge towards a collection of collaborative endeavours enacted by two or three pairs of hands.</p>

<p>Once re‑engaged onto the setup's sinuous itinerary, gazes are led into the Danish art glade, where sizes regain more telluric quotas and paint is finally splattered on canvases. A tête‑à‑tête encounter unfolds between Carl‑Henning Pedersen's crude red, blue and gold fantasies and consort Else Alfelt's more impressionistic Norwegian <em>Summer Dream </em>and Icelandic <em>Mountain Landscape</em>, which complement and compliment each other. As Dotremont described in the first issue of <em>Cobra</em>, "Danish painting wears no spectacles. Hand‑made, it doesn't wear gloves either. It is naked painting, and because it is naked it isn't vulgar". Evidently free of any cultural curls and canons, Pedersen's fairy‑tale glimpses attune to Alfelt's brush‑batches and triangular segments, fusing together in a romantic sense of summer tranquillity and worldly joy.</p>

<p>The works of these two self‑taught spouses, along with those of other Danish figures -- only marginally involved in Cobra -- occupy honorary places among the first displayed pieces as eloquent examples of Danish folkloric and mythological influences upon the movement. However, a neighbour‑wall takes pity on the more aloof observers and specifies that "these paintings are not like numbers for you. Add them up in your own way." (Dotremont in <em>Cobra </em>10, 1951). This is where the rules of random play and painted pleasure unknot themselves from the frozen thread of Surrealist philosophy, revealing an important ventricle of Cobra's heart and irrigating it with autonomous expression, impetuous wilderness and sincere childishness. Thereby, the idea of playing with raw material derives from the French philosopher Gaston Bachelard: in its four vital forms of earth, water, air and fire, he deems matter the chiefly source of imaginary potential, well applying to Heerup's previously‑exhibited unpolished granite sculptures in which the laws of chance and coarseness found symbiosis.</p>

<p>The following room proves the most material of all. A few samples of Cobra's unconventional creativity in tinkering with matter translates here into more down‑to‑earth goods, that unpredictably interrupt the drawing‑painting‑sculpture stream and inject it with a substantial dose of child‑like spontaneity. Flanked on one side by a collective work entitled <em>Storage of Sensibility </em>-- gracefully materialized in what appears to be a basketful of laundry -- and on the other side by Calonne's <em>poetical object made of hat brush and three shells </em>(dubbed <em>Innocent Ocean</em>), a group of six genuine, and apparently unperishable potatoes ascribed to Dotremont (1949) proudly prove to have passed a sturdy test of time. This eclectic vibe is reinforced further along, where such curious earthly reminders mingle with the austere, mind‑bending <em>Composition </em>(1950) of Raoul Ubac, an <em>Untitled </em>Hugo Claus confluence of bird‑shaped smeared gouaches and, finally, with the musically inspiring <em>Painted Wardrobe Doors </em>of Pierre Alechinsky.</p>

<p>One reference can excuse and account for the renderings of intimacy with the material: <em>Cobra primitivism </em>-- a topic reserved in recent exhibition catalogues to essayist Graham Birtwistle. Unrestricted to the kindred visions of Picasso, Klee or Miró, the introverted language of Cobra assumes a closer position to that of Danish painter and writer Egon Mathiesen in his progressive approach to nature. The Cobrians envisioned themselves as modern farmer‑like fosterers of nature in opposition to the regressive hunger typified by the hunter counter‑metaphor, ascribed by Asger Jorn to the Nazis, the technocratic bourgeoisie and the bulk of Western society.</p>

<p>This <em>homo ludens, homo naturalis </em>orientation might henceforth explain many of the discrepancies found behind the array of unsophisticated and naïve compositions lying ahead, which might elicit a similar reaction to that of journalist Edward Messer after the first Cobra exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1949). He is remembered for having mockingly assessed a three‑year‑old's sketches as relevantly superior to a Wolvecamp, a Jorn or an Appel.</p>

<p>There is, indeed, an ubiquitous note of unintelligible puerilism transpiring from many showcased items. Along the corridors looms the risk of being left dissatisfied while longing for steadier lines, milder hues, and perhaps a brighter child's immaturity. Ranging from Appel's diluted and effeminate Figure or his <em>Questioning Children </em>to Constant's daunting <em>Disobedience Masks </em>or <em>Kbhvn</em>, and further on to Corneille's <em>Love Couple</em>, <em>Woman and Bird </em>or mere <em>Drawing</em>, the regressive stances, asinine silhouettes and contrastful splashes stand nonetheless faithful to Constant's manifesto in delivering a necessary loop of fresh thought and genuine brush to the mid‑century avant‑garde. Other times, this effect was achieved in reference to exotic tribal art influences rendered, for instance, in Corneille's more fortunately composed <em>Joyous Couple </em>in Djerba (1950) or Appel's riotous <em>Tribal Chief </em>(1951).</p>

<p>Some more balanced, inspirationally astute -- both thematically and chromatically -- works such as Doucet's <em>The Bird Above the City</em>, Österlin's <em>Imaginary Red </em>or Appel's octagonal and tastefully‑assorted <em>Little Girl </em>follow the path already‑paved by Freudian pulsions and Jungian archetypes. Nevertheless, many half‑human, half‑beast loud apparitions may puzzle the visitor and stray him or her from the ideal<em> je lève, tu lèves, nous rêvons </em>that Dotremont and Jorn so deared in 1948.</p>

<p>The curator has saved the best for last: Stephen Gilbert's <em>Butterfly</em>, Theo Wolvecamp's 1949 oil‑chalk and gouache <em>Compositions</em>, Georges Collignon's <em>The Big Dive</em>, the few Alechinsky and Van Lint bright‑abstract textural canvases, and Serge Vandercam's insightful photographic series projected from the black‑and‑white corner. Despite Alechinsky's having assumed an active part in organizing the occasion and lending it over twenty pieces plus numerous informative sources, the unfortunate dearth of the talented Belgian's works remains notably stringent -- yet explained by the exhibition's main emphasis on the period 1948‑1951, when the artist was only adjacent to the movement.</p>

<p>Cobra actors were joint forces par excellence, and after having stridden through the final room of the exhibition, one catches a glimpse of just how far their collaboration extended. Aside from a communal Marxist‑inspired vision of the world soaked in overt (or more discreet) political motifs -- such as Appel's <em>Questioning Children </em>displaying starving children on railway platforms, or Constant's <em>The War </em>and <em>Wounded Dove </em>-- the final gallery is devoted to pieces composed by two or three artists permuting their thoughts and brushes, paints and words, intentions and meditations. This phenomenon, stamped by nomenclatures ranging from <em>peintures‑mots </em>and <em>dessins‑poemes </em>to <em>logograms </em>or <em>calligraphic symbioses</em>, conveys a remarkable array of concrete outcomes: sketches and drawings, paintings and sculptures, even bone‑shell collages. From the latter category, Jésus Lapin (1950) by Pierre Alechinsky and Reinhoud, truly invites to introspection.</p>

<p>The star of this particular category is the largest and most peculiar peer‑work produced by Dotremont and Alechinsky, entitled <em>Abrupte Fable</em>. Indian ink and acrylic on paper glued to five panels of a windscreen tell an abstract, convoluted tale in cream, buff, black and red. The art piece was designed for adorning the <em>Anneessens </em>Brussels subway station, and still provides a 284 x 475‑centimetre endless oriental narrative, posing the most expressive and impressive presence in the show. Its date affirms 1976, hence it can be justly regarded as astray from the exhibition's 1948‑1951 emphasis. In this particular room, however, a few exceptions were allowed in order to delineate a Cobrian trail prolonged throughout the following years.</p>

<p>The ending falls abruptly upon absorbed and absorbing visitors. While expecting to find more of the movement's art -- if not an exhaustive continuation of its influence upon subsequent decades -- the final chamber remains largely a tease. Although most Cobra members are chiefly remembered as individualist painters in pursuit of their own subconscious, one should not disregard the vast amount of free spirit and free hands put to common use. Even after having dissolved, the Cobra‑after‑Cobra moments preserved and enhanced the goals of communality and equality; "Nous travaillons ensemble, nous travaillerons ensemble" (from <em>The Case Was Heard</em>) echoed still, as the taste for non‑painters' painting, non‑sculptors' sculpting and speaking the interdisciplinary language of liberty took the more literary path of visual poetics.</p>

<p>Unsurprisingly, the young comrade artists and theoreticians gained literary sisters especially within the Dutch (anti‑)culture, to which the movement also owes its most noteworthy compositions. Cobra's influence upon <em>The Vijftigers </em>literary movement, namely young poets such as Kouwenaar, Elburg and the doubly‑talented Lucebert, contributed substantially to the development of Dutch poetry. A corresponding experiment is that of <em>Good Morning Cockerel</em>, by Constant and Kouwenaar, an interplay devoid of norms or traditions, permeated by gaiety and humour and, above all, by the spirit of the process, not by the weight of the outcome. The convergent disgust of these two very similar personalities vis-à-vis hypocrisy, immorality, petty nationalism, and generally any Western civilization façade pronounced their propensity towards the dissident, the vital and the non‑Apollonic, as prone to everyone's and anyone's relishment. It shaped their <em>carpe diem </em>philosophy and transported this poetry‑pervaded torch of genuine living ahead, into the hippie soul of the 1960's and early 1970's.</p>

<p>Overall, the Cobra exhibition in Brussels is less of a cultural and more of a counter‑cultural window. It does not invoke remembrance; it proposes amnesia. At best, a schizophrenic compromise could be drawn between the two. Despite its general limitation to the brief yet prolific three‑year formal lifespan and the absence of several prominent works such as Constant's 1949 colossal <em>Barricade </em>of the Stedelijk Museum collection, the occasion has surpassed the success of other Cobra‑related recent exhibitions by providing a notable assortment of naked artistic input. The approximate amount of 190 showcased pieces is not to be submitted, though, to absurd comparisons as to the former 500‑painting personal collection of businessman and Cobra admirer Karel Van Stuijvenberg.</p>

<p>Words and paint blew in Brussels yet another share of avant‑garde labelled fire against any already‑trodden parcel in history, against capriciousness, against rust or dust. Was this a call for, a belief in or a denial of artistic progress? Probably bits of all three, since Cobra embraces authenticity, spontaneity, and a regressive, yet pure form of expression. One needs not dwell on deeming it a progress in itself, but it is safe to suggest that the movement was nevertheless progressive, and infused with the simple, yet refreshing properties of clean country air.</p>

<p>Unlike most other avant‑garde exhibitions, we are not bludgeoned here by an overflowing stream of shocks and fanaticism. And, as is unfortunately the case with most noteworthy events, a community of acceptance or rejection is required to decree the utter argument in determining the revelation contained or not by a given artwork -- or, more ironically, by the whole Cobra comet. Yet why accept any of the top‑bottom art criticism canons that the young Cobrians despised and set out to destroy? Why not blend into their nonchalance? The question should not be whether one likes Cobra art, but rather if one connects to its ideals.</p>

<p>Among these ideals, diversity and individuality remain arguable desiderata. The Cobrians' visions eventuated into a colourful conglomerate, and while its hues or names have varied, the canvases are ever interchangeable. This would explain an exclamation still resonating in my mind, muttered in mixed feelings by an elegantly‑disoriented Belgian dame to her husband, as I was taking my last unallowed photographs of the final gallery: <em>mais c'est la même chose, c'est toujours la même chose!</em></p>

<p><em>Review of the Cobra Exhibition at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium<br />
(7 November 2008 - 15 February 2009)</em></p>]]>
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<entry>
    <title>Bush&apos;s Legacy: Obama&apos;s Salvation?</title>
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    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2009:/reviewc//227.7058</id>

    <published>2009-04-15T12:46:54Z</published>
    <updated>2009-05-15T10:37:10Z</updated>

    <summary>by Jolanda Thielens There once was a president who was convinced that everything his predecessor had done was thoughtless, weak, stupid, and even corrupt. Consequently, this president found it wise to reverse almost every single decision and regulation of his...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2009" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
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        <![CDATA[<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/barack-obama-2009.jpg"><img alt="barack-obama-2009.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2009/04/barack-obama-2009-thumb-100x124.jpg" width="100" height="124" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a></span><em>by Jolanda Thielens</em></p>

<p>There once was a president who was convinced that everything his predecessor had done was thoughtless, weak, stupid, and even corrupt. Consequently, this president found it wise to reverse almost every single decision and regulation of his preceding government's rule. White became black, cautiousness became aggressiveness, and saving became spending. His followers, excited as they were, vigorously applauded the daring decrees of their president. His name was George W. Bush.</p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>After eight years of trying to abolish anything which reminded him of his predecessor Bill Clinton, it became clear just how much Bush's actions had led his country into ruins. Even his people knew this. Never before in America's history did a president's popularity diminish so drastically during his terms in office. Only a week before the presidential elections of 2008, barely a quarter of the American people believed Bush was doing a good job. As a result, America's new president, Barack Obama, profusely exclaimed to break with his predecessor's policy and doing so bring forth a new age of hope and change. However, the question arises whether or not Obama should make a 180 degree turn away from Bush's policies. And if the answer is 'yes', is such a clean break the best alternative?</p>

<p>            When it comes to foreign policy, the most important thing which needs to change first is America's attitude towards the rest of the world. The most significant errors of the Bush administrations were made during his first term in office, the years between 2001 and 2005. Those errors include: the invasion of Iraq, Bush's resistance against international treaties, the many diplomatic mistakes, offending several important allies and the termination of The United States' collaboration with other countries. However, within the last four years of President Bush's rule, many of these errors in America's foreign policy have been either weakened, revoked, or abandoned altogether. The Foreign Policy of the Bush II administration had wised-up and even became more moderate. Although the rhetorics may have remained unchanged, the reality did not. The transformed foreign policy line of Bush's second term in office was not the result of a new way of thinking. Rather, it was brought into existence because of the recognition of failure.</p>

<p>For example: George W. Bush selected Paul Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank. Wolfowitz, known for his tough neo-conservative attitude, had to resign from this position in June 2007, ending a protracted and tumultuous battle over his stewardship, sparked by a promotion he arranged for his companion. Bush, however, surprised many of his critics when he choose to replace Wolfowitz with American banker and politician Robert Zoellick, who is deeply respected among his colleagues and more importantly has a great deal of experience in the economic domain.</p>

<p>This decision was one of the first to reveal the Bush II administration's new emphasis on knowledge instead of ideology. The triumph of a more pragmatic attitude within Bush's foreign policy became most visible when other, more down-to-earth, politicians -like Condoleezza Rice (U.S. Secretary of State),  Robert Gates (U.S. Secretary of Defence), safety advisor Stephen Hadley, and Hank Paulson (U.S. Treasury Secretary) -were allowed to take over the political reigns from former Vice-president Dick Cheney. Unfortunately, the 2008 presidential election campaigns adverted most of the public spotlight away from the second Bush administration and this shift towards a more pragmatic internationalism. To quote speechwriter and policy advisor Christian Brose: "It was as if the past four years never happened".</p>

<p>Nevertheless, they did happen. And although many people eagerly refuse to acknowledge this fact, they fail to see that President Obama has inherited a foreign policy that is a whole lot better than Bush's critics are willing to admit. As a NBC News / Wall Street Journal survey (June 2007) shockingly revealed, hardly 30% of Republican voters themselves approves of George W. Bush's course of action. If even his own party members were openly questioning his qualities as a leader, how could one expect the Democratic opposition to bite their tongue?</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<img alt="large_bush-obama-hug.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/large_bush-obama-hug.jpg" width="300" height="249" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /><br>Inauguration of President Obama 2009<br>&nbsp;</div> So certainly, Obama is right to point out the need for change. His decision to issue the closing of the detention facility at Guantànamo Bay, Cuba already demonstrated Obama's willingness to break with his predecessor's foreign policy. However, the Obama administration will have to find new solutions for old problems in other areas as well. Considering, both the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is evident that more clear cut goals have to be set in order to determine a more stable course of action. Moreover, bearing in mind today's growing concern for the environment, President Obama cannot heed the call for a much needed revision of the old energy and climate change policies that have been gathering dust for too long.

<p>Still, despite the obvious necessity for changes such as these, one should not be so naive to expect a radically new foreign policy from Obama. The degree of continuity between both administrations depends less on president Obama's hesitations to realize some of his more creative campaign promises than with George W. Bush's final actions as president which have steered key U. S. policies in directions that already were greatly attuned to Obama's own aspirations.</p>

<p>Let us take a look at the three states, labelled by George W. Bush as the "axis of evil" - Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. After forcing a drastic change of regime in Baghdad, the second Bush administration took it as their own responsibility to try and alter the behaviour and temperaments of governmental officials seated in Pyongyang and Tehran. Although setting up the debate between the new administration and these assemblies remains a hazardous and undoubtedly frustrating undertaking, Obama is very likely to benefit from the multilateral strand of negotiations his forerunners have created. In this sense, picking up the baton where Bush left it is clearly the best way to go simply because there exist no better practical alternatives.</p>

<p>On Iran then, Obama is best off continuing Bush's policy of 'sticks and carrots', as policy advisor Christian Brose has phrased it. Besides either passively condoning the state's behaviour or attacking Iran in order to make them comply, the sticks and carrots policy offers a third, much more diplomatic, and likely more successful solution. Nevertheless, for such a policy to work, Obama will firstly need to engage himself as directly as he claimed to advocate. Furthermore, he has to be willing and able to offer even sweeter carrots or make use of sharper sticks if he wishes to maintain his respected place in the debate. Finally, if all previous measures fail, as president Obama himself proclaimed, he will weigh his options carefully and keep an open mind for new ones.</p>

<p>Then there is Iraq. Although the pace and sheer number of soldiers in Iraq will continue to be hotly debated, few in Washington or Baghdad would disagree these days that the U. S. troop reduction in the country (or maybe even a full withdrawal?) is inappropriate. Furthermore, many correspondents and political advisers seem to believe that president Obama has inherited a war which the people of Iraq are already ending for him. These more general efforts to wrap up the war in Iraq in turn could enable Obama to spend more time on Afghanistan. Obama has proclaimed several times before he is more than willing to learn from the mistakes made in Iraq and employ some of these lessons in order to save the war in Afghanistan.</p>

<p>A bigger challenge for America's new president, however, will be to knit the final stages of the war in Iraq into the larger framework of America's relation with the Middle East.  However, in this case too, it seems unlikely that Obama's main ambitions will depart radically from Bush's. For example, the Obama administration has already made it clear that they will make great efforts to haul out a more responsible and respectful attitude from Syria -a firm standpoint previously implemented by Bush. Moreover, the new U.S. foreign policy also directly states to continue the support of their predecessor for an independent Lebanon. And finally, like the second Bush administration, it can be expected that Obama will work out a security cooperation with those Sunni Arab regimes that may not share the new president's interests in freedom and change, but are nevertheless frustrated greatly by Iran and Al-Qaeda's influence on the region.</p>

<p>            Another part of Obama's foreign policy plan will be to carry on Bush's commitment to maintain an open debate between all parties of the Middle East. A particularly enriching insight of George W. Bush's team in their first term in office was their realization that the Israel-Palestinian conflict did not merely arise from a quarrel over borders. As Bush rightfully claimed back then, a strong Palestinian state and stable economy are required in order to have even the slightest chance of peace. The solution to this problem during Bush's first term didn't reach much further then the advice for Palestinians to get their houses in check. The U.S. would only consider setting up a negotiation with Israel to end their occupation after this was done. Fortunately, the second Bush administration came to their senses and understood the need to explore both pathways simultaneously. Because of this, president Obama has inherited a Middle East process well on the way of making progress on these two important issues, i.e. state-building and peace-making. </p>

<p>            On a more global scale as well, it is doubtful that much changes will take place. One of president Obama's heavily repeated issues during his campaign was his insistence on the need to rebuild broken ties with America's allies. However, many of those ties - in Asia, Europe, and Latin America - have already been secured again. Take a look, for example, at Bush's victorious attempt to secure a stabile relationship with India. By openly supporting India's rise as a new superpower, as opposed to China, President Bush was able to convince the people of India to share the American ideal of freedom. In September of 2008, during a visit to the United States India's Prime Minister, the soft-spoken Manmohan Singh  exclaimed: "This may be my last visit to you during your presidency, and let me say, thank you very much. The people of India deeply love you". That wasn't mere politeness.</p>

<p>Nonetheless, there is room for improvement, like real action on the issue of climate change. But possibly the biggest challenge for Obama will be managing - what one political adviser has lyrically described - "the bubbles of overinflated expectations for his presidency that will soon begin bursting in allied capitals".</p>

<p>            Another successful strategy that president Obama is likely to adopt from Bush is his approach when dealing with the rise of  great powers. By challenging China, Brazil, India, Japan, and others to handle their shares responsibly, the second Bush administration has suggested openly that "the rise of the rest" need not necessarily lead to the decline of America. To the contrary, the welfare of other (super)states might even enhance the United States' own influence in the world. Take, for example, a closer look at Asia, one of  the most geopolitically dynamic places in the world. The U. S. has established better and more stable relations with several Asian states that the latter have with each other. President Obama's task at hand will be to remind these rising powers to share the burden of meeting an entirely new range of global challenges that no country (including the U.S.) can handle on its own.</p>

<p>            Contrary to what most people would think, one such a surging power that the U.S. should keep a watchful eye on would be Russia (rather than China). And here again, too, one can safely assume that the Obama administration will carry on the strategy that Bush laid out in his second term. This policy includes neither pushing Russia into isolation (which is nearly impossible), nor looking the other way and give Russia the green light to use their former imperial stomping grounds as they please. Especially this latter option would be a terribly irresponsible move, for the obvious reason that it would give Russia the upper hand in power and render its smaller neighbouring states defenceless. What this policy does aim to create is a balance in, on the one hand, the cooperation between both Russia and the U.S. when their interests are shared with, on the other hand, a healthy competition whenever they diverge.</p>

<p>            Considering the ongoing and troublesome fight against Al-Qaeda and even terrorism in general, one can once more expect a great deal of continuity. Whereas in Bush's first term in office the primary goals of the United States consisted solely of combating terrorism with all means necessary and literally 'kill their way towards victory'; the second Bush administration placed a much greater emphasis on other important aspects to overcome terrorism. Creating an environment in which states would enjoy more security, justice, and opportunities was considered to offer the best chances of success in preventing a possible terrorist radicalism to wash over these vulnerable states. Furthermore, which can take some by surprise, it was even largely accepted that the U.S. might be left with no other option then to reconcile with some terrorists. Although president Obama has chosen not to refer to a 'war on terror' as the classifying principle of the United States' foreign policy, by keeping all the above in mind, it can be safely assumed that he will still approach the struggle against terrorism in much the same way as his predecessor.</p>

<p>            The pragmatic nationalism that president Obama will inherit from Bush was largely formed by changes made in the United States' foreign policy throughout the past four years. Because of this, there could very well exist more continuity between Bush's second run and Obama's first term in office than between the Bush I and Bush II administration. It should be without a doubt that this foreign policy is a valuable asset. It is now up to president Obama to avoid spending his early years at the White House forcing changes just for the sake of change. Trying to distance himself from his forerunners by any means necessary would be a mistake that both Clinton and Bush have made all too often. Should Obama, however, manage to evade this pitfall, chances are good that he can truly bring about a new dawn by the creation of a fresh bipartisan consensus on foreign policy.</p>

<p>            Although president Obama may come to<br />
realize all this, the odds that the Democratic and Republican parties of the U.S.<br />
will are slim. Each could go on pretending that the changes on foreign policy<br />
the second Bush administration carried out did not happen. Republicans could<br />
comfort themselves with the illusion that they lost the 2008 presidential<br />
elections because Bush traded his strong conservative foreign policy in for a<br />
weaker, and more moderate one. For their part, Democrats could strut into the<br />
White House, convinced of their predecessors' corruptness, and believe they<br />
will be the ones to make things right again. Whichever scenario these parties<br />
decide to cling to, the United States<br />
would be better off if its people and notable officials were to recognize that<br />
it was the second Bush administration which already steered the U.S.'s<br />
foreign policy towards the right path.</p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Studentenprotesten en punchlines</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2009/04/studentenprotesten-en-punchlin.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2009:/reviewc//227.7060</id>

    <published>2009-04-13T12:58:14Z</published>
    <updated>2009-04-21T19:33:55Z</updated>

    <summary>door Philippe Dauphin 1968 was een gewelddadig jaar. De Vietnamoorlog escaleerde: het Tet-offensief kostte veel soldaten en burgers het leven, voor de ogen van tv-camera&apos;s executeerde de Zuid-Vietnamese generaal Nguyen Ngoc Loan koelbloedig een Vietcong-gevangene en in My Lai moordden...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2009" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><img alt="Thumbnail image for 1968-bookcover.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/1968-bookcover-thumb-150x227.jpg" width="100" height="150" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></span><p><em>door Philippe Dauphin</em></p></p>

<p>1968 was een gewelddadig jaar. De Vietnamoorlog escaleerde: het Tet-offensief kostte veel soldaten en burgers het leven, voor de ogen van tv-camera's executeerde de Zuid-Vietnamese generaal Nguyen Ngoc Loan koelbloedig een Vietcong-gevangene en in My Lai  moordden Amerikaanse troepen een dorp uit. Over de hele wereld groeide de weerzin tegen oorlog. Ook in Europa en de VS waren gewelddadige conflicten: studentenprotesten in Frankrijk, Polen, Tsjechoslowakije, Mexico en verschillende steden in Amerika werden bruut neergeslagen omdat het gezag niet wist wat het ermee aan moest.</p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>In Mexico Stad werd op het Tlatelolco-plein het vuur op een menigte vreedzame demonstranten geopend met veel doden als gevolg. In de VS vonden de moorden op senator en presidentskandidaat Robert Kennedy plaats en op dominee Martin Luther King, Jr. Bij deze moord volgde een explosie van rellen in een grote hoeveelheid Amerikaanse steden.</p>

<p>1968 was echter ook het jaar van de <em>Flower Power </em>en de hippies, van de psychedelische drugs, experimentele muziek en oosterse filosofiën. Het was een revolutionair jaar: de idealen van de babyboom-generatie kwamen tot wasdom en vonden een uitlaatklep in de studenten- en hippiebeweging. Het jaar heeft voor die generatie dan ook een haast magische betekenis.</p>

<p>De televisie ging een steeds belangrijker rol spelen in het nieuws, en hierdoor leek het of de protesten van de jongeren tot een universele epidemie uitgroeiden en er over de hele wereld ontevreden studenten demonstreerden. Tot voor kort waren er vooral academische studies over de economische en sociale oorzaken van de opkomende studenten- en mensenrechtenorganisaties en over de politieke consequenties van de demonstraties. Wat ontbrak, was een levendige optekening van de kleurrijke hoofdrolspelers uit dat jaar en van de opwinding. Dat verslag is er nu met <em>1968: The Year That Rocked The World</em>.</p>

<p>            Kurlansky was in 1968 twintig en student Theaterwetenschappen in Indiana. Naar eigen zeggen was hij een fervent deelnemer aan anti-oorlogsdemonstraties en het schrijven van het boek was voor hem dan ook een persoonlijke zaak. De lezer wordt in de inleiding van het boek  gewaarschuwd voor enige vooringenomenheid: zijn generatie is er eentje "that hated the Vietnam War, protested against it, and had a vision of authority shaped by the memory of the peppery taste of tear gas and the way the police would slowly surround in casual flanking manouvres before moving in, club first, for the kill." Kurlanksy is bekend van een bestseller over de geschiedenis van zout, en van een boek over kabeljauw, wellicht voortspruitend uit zijn tijd als chef-kok. Hij was lange tijd internationaal correspondent voor verschillende kranten waaronder de <em>International Herald Tribune</em>. Die internationale ervaring komt hem van pas in het beschrijven van de gebeurtenissen van 1968.</p>

<p>            1968 leest als een roman met verschillende verhaallijnen en hoofdpersonages. De eerste hoofdstukken schetsen de toenmalige politieke en sociale situatie in landen als Frankrijk, de VS, Tsjechoslowakije, Polen. Hier ontmoeten we de sleutelspelers: gezagsdragers als Charles DeGaulle, Alexander Dubček, Lyndon B. Johnson maar ook dissidenten als Martin Luther King, Jr. en  de hippie Abbie Hofffman. Kurlansky dwingt de lezer zich tot de hoofdpersonen van 1968 te verhouden. Zo wordt Alexander Dubček neergezet als een tragische held; hij zette zich met een tomeloze energie in voor meer vrijheden voor zijn volk, maar werd uiteindelijk door de Sovjet-Unie tot aftreden gedwongen.</p>

<p>            Deze vorm geeft het boek soms het karakter van een soap. Door het hele boek heen beweegt Kurlansky zich van brandhaard naar brandhaard en wordt er snel geschakeld tussen de gebeurtenissen in verschillende landen. Kurlansky heeft er slim voor gekozen de gebeurtenissen niet per land of per thema te bespreken, maar ze te verwerken in een chronologisch verhaal waarbij we, nadat we geïnformeerd worden over de rellen in Chicago weer binnenvallen bij Alexander Dubček die zijn handen vol heeft met de Sovjet-invasie van Tsjechoslowakije. Het voordeel van deze benadering is dat je meegezogen wordt in de turbulentie van het jaar. Aan het einde valt de winter, zijn de spanningen afgekoeld en kijken we "sadder and wiser" achterom.</p>

<p>            Niet alleen Kurlansky's vertelvorm is pakkend, ook zijn stijl is helder en meeslepend. Hij maakt veelvuldig gebruik van anekdotes en heeft oog voor zowel grote gebeurtenissen als voor kleine, insignificante intermezzo's. Daarmee worden de karakters van de hoofdrolspelers ingekleurd. Als Daniel Cohn-Bendit, een van de bekendste Franse studentenleiders, bijvoorbeeld wordt geïntroduceerd, krijgen we de volgende anekdote. Toen de minister van Jeugdzaken Francois Missoffe de Universiteit van Nanterre bezocht, raakte hij in gesprek met Cohn-Bendit. Deze dreef Missoffe tot wanhoop door herhaaldelijk te vragen wat de minister vond van de seksuele problematiek van de jeugd. Missoffe verloor uiteindelijk zijn geduld en vertelde Cohn-Bendit dat het niet gek was dat iemand met zo'n gezicht problemen had, en dat hij maar eens een duik in het zwembad moest  nemen. Cohn-Bendit: "Dat antwoord is Hitler's minister van Jeugdzaken waardig." Dit verhaal verspreidde zich als een lopend vuurtje en vestigde Cohn-Bendits reputatie.       </p>

<p>            Kurlansky sluit een alinea vaak af met een <em>punchline</em>. Een van zijn  favoriete quotes is "Up against the wall, motherfucker, this is a stickup!", een regel uit het gedicht <em>Black People </em>(1967) van dichter en burgerrechtenactivist Leroi Jones, later bekend als Amiri Baraka. Oorspronkelijk bedoeld als zwart verzet tegen de blanke overheersing, werd deze quote in 1968 een symbool voor het verzet tegen de leiding van de universiteit en de overheid. Tijdens de studentenprotesten op de universiteit van Columbia gebruikte de studentenleider Mark Rudd de regel als afsluiter in zijn brief aan rector magnificus Grayson Kirk.</p>

<p>            Naast zulke gepeperde uitspraken laat Kurlansky een paar opvallende types herhaaldelijk opdraven. Iemand als Allen Ginsberg. Ginsberg speelde dan wel geen doorslaggevende rol in 1968, maar hij leek overal op de een of andere manier bij betrokken. Ginsberg (1926-1997) was een populair dichter, een bekende anti-oorlog activist en een tot het boeddhisme bekeerde homoseksuele jood. Hij reisde de hele wereld rond om zijn boodschap te verspreiden en voor studenten in Oost-Europa werd hij een toonbeeld van Westerse vrijheid. Zo was Ginsberg in 1965 in Praag en later dat jaar ging hij op bezoek bij Fidel Castro op Cuba.</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/6a00d8341c630a53ef00e552953f7d8833-800wi.jpg"><img alt="chicago_1968.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/6a00d8341c630a53ef00e552953f7d8833-800wi-thumb-400x319.jpg" width="400" height="319" class="mt-image-none" style="" /></a><br>Democratische Nationale Conventie in Chicago 1968.<br>&nbsp;</div>

<p>            In 1968 liet hij zich zien bij de demonstraties tijdens de Democratische Nationale Conventie in Chicago. De drie dagende durende bijeenkomst werd opgesierd door de kleurrijke protesten van tienduizend anti-oorlogsdemonstranten. Kort voor het einde werd een demonstratie voor het Hilton Hotel, waar veel prominente democraten verbleven, met bruut geweld door de politie en de Nationale Garde beëindigd. Protesterende studenten, jongeren en onschuldige omstanders werden met traangas bestookt, neergeslagen en weggesleept. Het incident werd zeventien minuten lang opgenomen door een beveiligingscamera en direct uitgezonden, een vroeg en pakkend voorbeeld van de invloed van beeld op het nieuws. Tijdens al deze protesten en ludieke activiteiten liep Ginsberg door Chicago rond, en zong de mantra OM om politie en jongeren vredig te stemmen.</p>

<p>            Zulke details slepen je moeiteloos door de vloedgolf van informatie heen. Het is geen overbodige luxe voor wie onbekend is met het jaar 1968 om met een gevoel van herkenning Allen Ginsberg weer te zien opdoemen, zingend of predikend over hallucinogene drugs.</p>

<p>            Maar de sterke punten van <em>1968 </em>zijn tegelijk de zwaktes. Doordat Kurlansky zo gepassioneerd over de studentenprotesten schrijft, wordt al snel duidelijk wie er in 1968 de helden waren en wie de slechterikken. Regeringsleiders zoals Charles de Gaulle en Lyndon B. Johnson zijn bijna per definitie fout en de anti-autoritaire demonstranten heroïsche figuren. Het boek is nostalgisch en romantiserend over de babyboom-generatie. Kurlansky noemt 1968 uniek vanwege vier factoren: de opmars van de burgerrechtenbeweging, het anti-autoritaire karakter van de studentenbeweging, het verzet en de rebellie tegen de Vietnam-oorlog over de gehele wereld en het feit dat de televisie een belangrijke politieke rol ging spelen, maar nog niet zo gemanipuleerd werd als tegenwoordig.</p>

<p>De focus ligt echter op de studentenbeweging, haar idealen en haar leiders. Voormannen als Mark Rudd en Daniel Cohn-Bendit worden op een voetstuk geplaatst en de eensgezindheid tussen de studenten benadrukt. Dat de leiders eigenlijk helemaal geen leiders wilden zijn vanwege het anti-autoritaire karakter van de groeperingen en dat het nemen van simpele beslissingen soms een eindeloos gedoe werd, laat Kurlansky achterwege.</p>

<p>De enige positief beschreven autoriteiten zijn Alexander Dubček, nieuwspresentator Walter Cronkite en Robert Kennedy. Voor de biografie van Dubček trekt Kurlansky vier pagina's uit; een gebeurtenis als de Culturele Revolutie in China moet het doen met de helft. De enige eerstehands informatie van Kurlansky bestaat uit de ooggetuigenverslagen van Rudd en Cronkite, die hij voor het boek interviewde.</p>

<p>Het is jammer dat Kurlansky zich zo weinig op de Amerikaanse burgerrechtenbeweging richt. Die speelt een grote rol in de eerste hoofdstukken, maar na de moord op Martin Luther King blijft het opmerkelijk stil over het verdere verloop van de zwarte burgerrechtenbewegingen. Met de komst van personen als Stokely Carmichael en Leroi Jones en een organisatie als de Black Panthers ( met de leus "Black Power") werden de protesten namelijk steeds agressiever en gewelddadiger. Het kookpunt werd bereikt na de moord op King op 4 april, toen er rellen uitbraken in honderd Amerikaanse steden. Bij deze uitbarsting van geweld blijft Kurlansky maar even stilstaan en hij komt er niet meer op terug.</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<img alt="worldpressphoto1968thumb.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/worldpressphoto1968thumb.jpg" width="400" height="280" class="mt-image-none" style="" /><br>Zuid-Vietnam 1968. Verdacht Vietcong-lid wordt geëxecuteerd.<br>&nbsp;</div>

<p><br />
Ook de opmars van de vrouwenbeweging in Duitsland en Polen en van de homorechtenorganisaties in de VS komt in het boek niet voor. Verder wijdt Kurlansky niet te veel uit over de Vietnam-oorlog: toch een van de belangrijkste aanjagers en mikpunten van de protesten. Natuurlijk is er al veel over geschreven en Kurlansky kan daar weinig aan toevoegen, maar zo blijft hij te veel aan de oppervlakte. Voor Kurlansky was het protest tegen de oorlog in Vietnam universeel, maar in zijn boek zien we alleen het verzet in de VS.</p>

<p>Kurlanksy schiet verder analytisch tekort. De demonstraties op de universiteiten gingen over trivialiteiten, maar liepen zo uit de hand omdat deze schijnbaar onschuldige meningsverschillen uitdrukking gaven aan een dieper liggend gevoel onder de studenten. Waarom nou juist studenten en jongeren en waarom in dat jaar? Kurlanksy staat niet stil bij dit soort vragen. Hij doet er goed aan niet alle protesten met elkaar te vergelijken en op een hoop te gooien, maar ze gaven wel uitdrukking aan een universeel gevoel waar Kurlansky verder niet over nadenkt. Paul Berman stelt in zijn studie van de politieke generatie van de jaren 60, <em>A Tale of Two Utopias</em> (1996), dat de studentenbeweging van1968 een reactie was op de Tweede Wereldoorlog. In de westerse wereld was er vrede en leefden de jongeren in een veilige wereld. Ze hadden het goed. Een beetje te goed, vergeleken met hun ouders die in de Tweede Wereldoorlog vreselijke dingen doorstaan hadden en in de ogen van hun kinderen een heldenstatus hadden.</p>

<p>Dit leidde tot gemengde gevoelens van trots en jaloezie. Trots om wat hun ouders gepresteerd hadden en jaloezie omdat de jongeren beseften dat ze niets hadden om te verbeteren of om tegen te strijden. Vandaar dat tieners en studenten zich gingen richten op die plaatsen in de wereld waar mensen niet in vrede en veiligheid leefden. Zo probeerden ze hun solidariteit te tonen en de aandacht te vestigen op onrechtvaardige situaties als de oorlog in Vietnam. Dit uitte zich in protesten en demonstraties. Het is niet gek dat in de studentenprotestbewegingen joodse studenten een onevenredig grote rol speelden.</p>

<p>Kurlansky's afkeer jegens autoriteiten komt te veel uit de lucht vallen. Zijn boek is groots in opzet, maar is te beperkt omdat het blijft steken in de visie van de schrijver. Zijn snelle switchen is eerder een middel om een huidige generatie lezers bij de les te houden dan een methode die inzicht biedt. Het probeert te veel een boek van deze tijd te zijn: achterflappen staan tegenwoordig vol met aanprijzingen uit recensies, en haast altijd lijkt voorop te staan dat boeken "snel" lezen of "bijzonder leesbaar" zijn.</p>

<p>            Ondanks dit alles is 1968 een rijke kroniek van een jaar waarin iedereen in actie leek te komen voor zijn idealen. Kurlansky sleept de lezer mee naar het front en geeft je het idee dat je in een campuskamertje met lavalamp, Che Guevara-poster en psychedelische muziek op de achtergrond zit te luisteren naar het verhaal van een student die gisteren nog op de barricades stond. Voor jongeren was het jaar het begin van de seksuele revolutie en een bevrijding uit de naoorlogse maatschappij, samengebald in slogans als "de verbeelding aan de macht". Er ontstond een besef  van de kracht van het individu tegen de gevestigde waarden en zelden werden er in een jaar meer taboes gebroken en vrijheden verworven. Dat is de boodschap van dit boek. En wat maakt die overdosis sympathie voor studentenbewegingen uit als we nu nog de vruchten plukken van de toen bevochten vrijheden?</p>

<p><em>Recensie van Mark Kurlanksy,  1968: The Year That Rocked The World. Random House, 2004, 441 pagina's</em><br />
</p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>By the book or buy a book?</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2009/04/by-the-book-or-buy-a-book.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2009:/reviewc//227.7057</id>

    <published>2009-04-12T12:44:17Z</published>
    <updated>2009-05-15T10:32:47Z</updated>

    <summary> by Dinu Munteanu &quot;My wish is to be a citizen of the world&quot; -- and although the world did not always understand him, the man who in a tormented age had expressed this irenic desire has since become such...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2009" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/01_Holbein_Erasmus_372pix1.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/01_Holbein_Erasmus_372pix1.html','popup','width=284,height=372,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2009/04/01_Holbein_Erasmus_372pix-thumb-150x196.jpeg" width="135" height="176" alt="01_Holbein_Erasmus_372pix.jpeg" class="mt-image-left" style="float: left; margin: 0 20px 20px 0;" /></a></span></p>

<p><em>by Dinu Munteanu</em></p>

<p>"My wish is to be a citizen of the world" -- and although the world did not always understand him, the man who in a tormented age had expressed this irenic desire has since become such a symbol. <em>Erasmus </em>sounds familiar, centuries after his death in 1536. A model of scholarly erudition, subtlety and wit, he was the most perceptive and nuanced Christian humanist of all times, a champion of Gospel truth, but also of classical antiquity, a truly unprecedented defender of peace, and a prodigy at making compromises without once compromising himself. To honour him, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen introduces Erasmus of Rotterdam to the wider public through other means than the philosopher's words.</p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>Within the context of global ethnical uncertainties, this event has a definite place in the greater Dutch venture of national self‑defining. Similar missions have pervaded Western Europe for quite some time, but the process was jumpstarted in Holland by the murders of right‑winged popular politician Pim Fortuyn in 2002, tragically followed by film director and <em>enfant terrible </em>Theo van Gogh two years later. Since then, the Dutch cultural canon was released in 2006, and now is indeed an opportune time as ever to remind the world that Erasmus' exceptional abilities for elegant negotiation, his disdain for worthless complications, the intelligent critique of society and Church, and his open‑minded theology are trademarks of subtle Dutch attributes throughout history. The successful "polder model" which governed politics during the late 80's and prosperous 90's, the Netherlands's world‑famous tolerance and diversity of opinions, the hosting of an International Court of Justice are all reflections of Dutch qualities that rise up to an Erasmian heritage.</p>

<p>In trying to go beyond biographical prose, <em>Images of Erasmus </em>provide visions of history as portrayed by the paintbrushes, chisels and gravers of Renaissance artists. Sponsored by the Dutch government and under the main tutelage of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, this event is much more than an average art affair; it is a considerable interdisciplinary enterprise, primarily distinguished by a collection of renowned works of art. Some of these were exceptionally borrowed from across the world and displayed in The Netherlands for the first time. Notwithstanding a little pride, the museum reveals to the public that even the Louvre has waived its usual policy and agreed to lending Holbein the Younger's famous portrait of Erasmus for temporary display in Rotterdam.</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Images%20of%20Erasmus%20Books.JPG"><img alt="SMALL_Images of Erasmus Books.JPG" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Images of Erasmus Books-thumb-400x300.jpg" width="400" height="300" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a><br>Images of Erasmus, Museum
Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam.<br>&nbsp;</div>

<p><br />
The scholarly material contributing to the exhibition greatly complements the works showcased, from the richly illustrated catalogue, to the dependable and freely available exhibition booklet, which provides brief comments on many of the 150 pieces on display. The first chapter of the catalogue by event curator Peter van der Coelen cleverly builds bridges between various paintings and the philosopher's own views regarding portraiture work and its appropriate functions. Erasmus viewed paintings as welcome reminders of his various friends, and he also occasionally sent his own portraits to close acquaintances; one such example available is a diptych signed by Quinten Massys, sent by Erasmus to British humanist Sir Thomas More in 1517.</p>

<p>It is ironic that we do not find out from the exhibition booklet that Erasmus had little, if any interest for the great art being produced in his lifetime. While in Florence and Rome, he paid no special attention to either Raphael or Michelangelo, and although nine months were further spent in Venice, no cerebral glance of his certified the merits of Carpaccio, Bellini or even Titian, as they all apparently failed to impress this transalpine man of letters. Concurrently, although we are informed that Erasmus maintained contacts with famous artists, what remains unmentioned is that these connections were of practical nature (reflecting his need for portraitists), since he did not generally share their aesthetic values. The curator tried to go around these potentially thorny matters by either ignoring them or focusing on several exceptions.</p>

<p>The first area of the exhibition is dedicated to portraits of Erasmus, in consonance with the event's overall purpose, namely "to bring the great humanist closer to us [by] focusing less on the word, and more on the art of the period 1450‑1550". Probably aware of the risk of generating an interesting, yet not very Erasmian Renaissance art collage, the remaining four themes of the exposition are cleverly set along lines inspired from the great philosopher's views on <em>education and scholarship</em>, <em>war and peace</em>, <em>church and religion</em>, while also representing his famous <em>Praise of Folly </em>through works of art.</p>

<p>However, lacking considerable knowledge of both Erasmus' humanist career and the Renaissance, and without an equally considerable amount of patience, the average visitor might literally lose himself in a labyrinth of vaguely related paintings, engravings, sculptures and manuscripts. In a declared attempt to emulate Erasmus' skill at demonstrating that everything has more than one side, the visual artist and exhibition designer Krijn de Koning presents the art works in a series of no less than twelve separate galleries, passages and squares, which unfortunately remind the viewer more of the complicated mental gymnastics of scholastic theology (which Erasmus detested), rather than of the straightforward and eloquent educational theory that the humanist endorsed. While the distraction‑free, white spaces on which the paintings are presented constitute an inspired choice, the counter‑intuitive spatial order in which they are displayed will sometimes leave the viewer bemused. Perhaps it was the designer's intention to break the visitor's peripatetic inertia by luring him into a game of artistic hide‑and‑seek.</p>

<p>The first gallery is entirely dedicated to Erasmus' portraits. It is a rich, captivating space, filled by hand‑picked sketches, paintings and engravings. Symbolically, the opening display case presents a self‑portrait caricature made by Desiderius on the margin of a manuscript, dated c. 1515. Although the lines are hastily‑drawn in brown ink, it is touching to see that the great thinker was no stranger to self‑irony, as he drew his nose disproportionably large. To my admitted surprise, this small drawing was chosen as the symbol of all "Erasmus in Rotterdam 2008" activities. It must be said that the Dutch authorities have exhibited admirable senses of humour and modesty -- for, indeed, a nonchalant sketch by Erasmus himself carries more affective weight than the premeditated, almost solemn paintings done for him by Massys or Holbein the Younger. The latter's famous 1523 portrait of the philosopher (usually found exclusively in the Louvre) presents the humanist in the privacy of a comfortably looking study, concentrated in writing and dressed in his usual clothes: a dark coat, a high fur‑collar and the familiar black beret; this last accessory is an artistic artifice used by his portrayers to counterbalance a sizable nose, and less of a fashion statement.</p>

<p>Erasmus had a clear picture of how he wanted future generations to see him. After the long sought‑after papal dispensation of monastic duties in 1517, and already made world‑famous by his writings, he could benefit from a luxury available to monarchs alone -- the honour of having his portrait taken by the greatest living artists of the time. Initially he associated himself with the image of the hard‑working intellectual, writing or meditating in a volume‑filled study. Later, sure of his position, he appeared without many additional attributes. A single book is often sufficient to denote his talents, as is the case with a recently discovered and never before exhibited portrait, which is attributed to Hans Holbein the Younger. Eventually, the beret and a cloistered smile are enough to make him stand out as Erasmus of Rotterdam, the most respected man of letters of the sixteenth century.</p>

<p>Also in this section hangs a sublime Dürer engraving of Erasmus. Its details are magnificent, and we begin to understand why Desiderius compared him with the esteemed Hellenistic Greek painter Apelles. Around his subject, Dürer engraved pictures of heavy tomes, denoting the eternal character of the philosopher's thoughts, while a vase of flowers hints at human mortality. When he grew older, as we may observe in a later Holbein portrait from 1533, one verse appositely concludes: "whoever beholds this portrait of Erasmus sees not the man but merely his old skin". Fittingly enough, on display is also Hans Baldung Grien's "Portrait of Erasmus on his Deathbed". The face is painfully thin, the eye sockets are burdened and hollow, even the nose is clearly crooked -- a detail that Holbein always smoothened over, but which Dürer or Grien never forgave.</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Images%20of%20Erasmus%20Corridors.JPG"><img alt="SMALL_Images of Erasmus Corridors.JPG" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Images of Erasmus Corridors-thumb-400x281.jpg" width="400" height="281" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a><br>Images of Erasmus, Museum
Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam.<br>&nbsp;</div>

<p>The first part of the exhibition successfully follows the intention of bringing Erasmus closer to us through images rather than words. However, things become more complicated as the visitor finds his way towards subsequent rooms.  Throughout the next four sections, in order to fully appreciate the implicit stories behind the exhibited material, one has to constantly rely on more than the sense of sight. We are introduced to Erasmian influences on the iconography of St. Jerome. This Church Father, notable for his Latin translations of the Old and New Testament, but also well‑versed in classical secular literature, was adored by Erasmus as a model of linguistic and stylistic proficiency. In the second decade of the sixteenth century, Massys and Dürer are thought to have heeded Erasmus' advice and depicted St. Jerome outside the usual canons. We may thus admire their innovative paintings of the saint, in which the traditional cardinal's hat and the docile lion are absent symbols, while Jerome's books, pen and a foreboding skull dominate the scene.</p>

<p>Moving further along, we see fellow humanists -- such as French intellectual, diplomat and royal librarian Guillaume Budé, whose portrait is one of the few paintings undoubtedly attributed to Jean Clouet -- and a variety of scenes with scholarly undertones. In Pontormo's "Two Boys with Books", one can already observe the Italian's brake away from High Renaissance classicism towards a more expressive, early manneristic personal style; the boys have their books closed and are apparently caught unaware by the painter's brush. One of them is brusquely picking his nose, a habit which, unsurprisingly, Erasmus had insistently condemned in his pedagogical works.</p>

<p>However, most poignant here is a selection of Desiderius' personal belongings. A silver cup, an hourglass, beautifully ornate and with the sand still intact inside, and a wooden cutlery case suddenly turned the otherwise impersonal space into a refreshing reminder of Erasmus the man. These few relics leave the visitor longing for more Erasmian artefacts, and the next room half‑fulfils this desire, with its large, enclosed space dedicated to.. a laid table. Although not personally linked with Erasmus, sixteenth century table linen and tableware are generously displayed and commented upon, in relationship to the humanist's pedagogical handbook <em>De Civilitate</em>. One may form a fairly good impression of how Erasmus preferred to eat and how he thought young people should wear themselves at the table, since the collection of napkins, serving dishes, tablecloths, salt cellars, drinking vessels, cutlery and toothpicks are well complemented by useful comments and Erasmian connections.</p>

<p>Such connections fade away in the next main section of the exhibition, which is boldly entitled "War and Peace". The unsuspecting visitors are succinctly informed that although Erasmus called for peace in a time when wars were the order of the day, he eventually climbed off the fence and admitted that the Ottoman wars were an inescapable resort in the face of pagan expansionism. This small discourse conveniently opens a door to decorate the following white spaces with profuse and sanguineous war scenes, Ottoman and non‑Ottoman alike, with genealogical representations of the bellicose House of Habsburg, and even with quite extraneous works such as a portrait of Suleyman The Great's wife Roxelana, or Campagnola's vicious "Battle of Naked Men".</p>

<p>The latter work would have indubitably abhorred Erasmus, for he was the most adamant pacifist of the millennium. Surely the organisers of the event know that biographers agree on the fact that never has he expressed outright approval of any contemporary or even hypothetical armed conflict; his stance on this was clear: "even when it is waged with perfect justification, no man who is truly good approves of it (war)". The balance between Erasmus‑related Renaissance art work and simply war‑related pieces is precarious throughout this section. <em>Dulce bellum inexpertis </em>('War is sweet to those who have not tried it') was one of Erasmus' favourite classical adages. With a few exceptions, like the anonymous woodcut decorating a page of Erasmus' <em>Julius Exclusus</em>, a violent satire against the war‑mongering pope Julius II, most pieces leave us wondering what the point of their displaying is, unless it is the fact that they are reminders of what the philosopher most sincerely loathed and wrote against.</p>

<div style="float:right; font-size:12px; text-align:center; color:blue;">
<a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Erasmus%20in%20beeld%20in%20Museum%20Boijmans%20Van%20Beuningen%20Copyright%20ANP.JPG"><img alt="SMALL_Erasmus in beeld in Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Copyright ANP.JPG" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/SMALL_Erasmus in beeld in Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen Copyright ANP-thumb-400x266.jpg" width="400" height="266" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a><br>Images of Erasmus, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam (ANP).<br>&nbsp;</div>

<p>The last two sections of the exhibition, dealing with religious pictorial culture and visual representations of <em>The Praise of Folly </em>respectively, are fitted with much better chosen artworks. Visual correspondents of Erasmus' written critiques of society and Church are abundant. Paintings such as Massys' "Two Man Praying" ridicule the contrasts between outward actions and inward, authentic piety; of the two men presented to us, one is deep in prayer, while the other one seems unable to concentrate, despite holding a conspicuously large rosary in his hand.</p>

<p>In what concerns the suitable representation of saints, Christ and the Virgin Mary, Erasmus was no iconoclast; he did, however, demand chastity, modesty and restraint as key pictorial hints. In this sense, Gossaert's depiction of a sensuous, bare breasted, luxurious "Virgin and Child" would be, as the visitor's booklet fittingly observes, an anti‑example of Erasmian artistic prescriptions. Quinten Massys' restrained "Virgin and Child in a Landscape" or Dürer's sober "Holy Family" are obviously more to the taste of our sensible humanist.</p>

<p>Finally, <em>The Praise of Folly </em>is perceptibly explored. In his (in)famous satire, Erasmus lets nothing and no one escape the wit and vagaries of the personified voice of Folly: from obsessed pilgrims and sterile intellectuals, to vain monks and arrogant princes, all are bound together by human ludicrousness, imprudence or downright stupidity. Parallel to Erasmus' work, the art of the early sixteenth century was also infused by iconographic innovations centered on satire. The subject of "unequal love" proved particularly popular, and Dürer's engraving bearing the same title is only one example of numerous and eclectic works on display, many portraying attractive young women in the shady company of unattractive, rich men.</p>

<p>Works of Lucas van Leyden or Cranach the Elder further capitalize on human pride, trickery, adultery, vice and naïveté. One thing prevents, though, the seamless integration of Erasmus' <em>Folly </em>among these bluntly sarcastic artworks. The humanist's text is so idiosyncratic and deliciously ambiguous, that its association with many straightforward and occasionally obscene paintings misses the mark. For we must not forget that under a fool's voice, Erasmus speaks of Christ's madness in embracing crucifixion for the sake of saving a depraved and unthankful humanity. This being said, it is also worth mentioning that Hieronymus Bosch's "The Pedlar", painted before Erasmus' work was published, does rise to the mindful ambiguity of the humanist's satire, as it leaves the viewer wondering if the pedlar in question has just thrown his money on whores, or if he is ironically surveying the foolish crowd so stoically left behind.<br />
 <br />
The efforts gone into bringing these artworks and other material together<br />
add up to a remarkable result. However, visitors coming to Rotterdam will benefit from reading a book on Erasmus before. It will greatly enhance the experience.</p>

<p><em>Review of Images of Erasmus, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam (8 November 2008 - 8 February 2009)</em></p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Searching for Identity in the 1970s</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/04/searching-for-identity-in-the.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5629</id>

    <published>2008-04-18T12:30:56Z</published>
    <updated>2008-04-22T10:11:36Z</updated>

    <summary>Miriam L. Weiss Still under the impression of Den Bosch&apos;s very own 70s show, I find a copy of the weekly magazine intermediair (last issue of 2007) on the train back to Maastricht. It is titled The Year of Identity...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2008" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p>Miriam L. Weiss</p>

<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/Wauw%20poster.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/Wauw%20poster.html','popup','width=400,height=844,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/Wauw%20poster-thumb-200x422.jpeg" alt="Wauw poster.jpeg" class="mt-image-right" style="margin: 0pt 0pt 20px 20px; float: right;" height="228" width="107" /></a></span><p>Still under the impression of Den Bosch's very own 70s show, I find a copy of the weekly magazine <em>intermediair </em>(last issue of 2007) on the train back to Maastricht. It is titled <em>The Year of Identity - The Netherlands from A to Z</em> and I read keywords like bicycle, Maxima, holidays, <em>Yab Yum </em>(it was one of the best-known brothels in Amsterdam), and kissing that are supposed to be characteristics of Dutch culture and identity. It is not the first information I have come across recently, indicating that the Dutch are trying to define themselves. To a great extent, this search for identity can be traced back to the assassinations of Pim Fortuyn and Theo van Gogh. </p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>The violent death of Fortuyn in 2002 initiated a vehement discussion about freedom of opinion and national immigration policy in the Netherlands. Two years later, Van Gogh's murder added fuel to the debate and instigated the Dutch to wonder where they are from, who belongs to them, and what makes them typically Dutch. This has led to cultural reactions as the planning of a National History Museum in Arnhem and the creation of the Dutch canon, which serves as a summary of Dutch history and is part of history lessons at Dutch schools.<br />
	The decade exhibitions at the Noordbrabants Museum can be seen in the same light of this search for identity. Following the success of the 1950s exhibition and the public demand for an exhibition about the 1960s, curator Charles de Mooij and historian Han van der Horst decided to present something even more wauw! - the seventies! Patchouli, platform shoes, jeans, and cork wall papers; yes - we find ourselves back in this great and fun decade of macramé, odd shapes and patterns, in brown, yellow and orange. A time in which anything seemed possible.</p>

<p>The seventeenth-century building of the Noordbrabants Museum does not necessarily convey that it could present such a hip and fun period, and indeed, the first exhibits are sixteenth-century paintings and regional coats of arms. To enter the hallway leading up to the seventies, the visitor has to pass a room with works of Vincent van Gogh and Pieter Bruegel de Oude, where people silently look at the paintings. Once in the wing of the temporary exhibition, music starts playing, people laugh and talk. One already feels the seventies' light heartedness... Seventies TV commercials for cookies, cars, and detergent welcome the visitor, who starts chatting right away as he recognizes the TV spots or products.<br />
In the central exhibition room, the decade's fashion is displayed in a large glass cabinet and two replicas of 70s living rooms welcome the visitor to a different era. Everybody follows the invitation to take a look at a seventies toilet - the installation (in green, orange, purple), provokes laughter as people recognize the colourful tiles, the hanging flower basket, and the books by Jewish-Dutch comedian Max Tailleur hanging on the wall. At the same time, one can smell Fresh-Up, <em>Old Spice</em>, <em>Tabac</em>, and Nina Ricci's perfume <em>L'air du temps </em>- a scented wall provides typical seventies aromas. Although the decade is inevitably linked to the smell of cannabis and marihuana too, these odours are not included in the scented wall.<br />
There is also the orange fondue set and numerous other utensils of the same colour, the flare and parka, the caravan, the contraceptive, the oil crisis, John Travolta, etc. It seems De Mooij and Van der Horst have displayed everything of the seventies according to Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of 'antiquarian history'. In his work <em>On the Use and Abuse of History for Life</em> (1873), Nietzsche distinguishes three ways in which mankind approaches history - monumental, critical, and antiquarian history - the third one meaning that there is a blind mania for collecting in order to preserve and remain in the past, which in turn impedes man from moving forward in time. Luckily, though, it is the year 2008 and we are not stuck in the seventies.<br />
At one point, De Mooij tends to be a bit more selective. As central part of the exhibition, he let people compile goods - provided that the items tell a personal story - and put them in an oversized display cabinet. There are platform shoes, in which people danced the nights away; handbags, tunics, and ties (all in those fashionable colours of course), which were bought somewhere on vacation or for special occasions; and agendas, long-playing records, a portable gramophone, a colourful tapestry which belonged to the seventies lifestyle.<br />
In the next section we are introduced to what can be called the 'Golden Seventies' - an era of welfare without boundaries. In the seventies, people had enough money to go on vacation, buy a second car, TV, or house and equip themselves with utensils with a cable: mixer, toaster, drying hood, tape player, etc. All these electronic devices are displayed, as well as a caravan with which people travelled through Europe. There is also the thermos flask, which is an essential object that many Dutch tourists still take on vacation even today. According to the exhibition panel, the Dutch economy was virtually at full-employment, workweeks became shorter, people became more equal in financial terms, and the gap between rich and poor narrowed. In how far the consequences of the oil crisis in 1973 affected the welfare state is not taken into account at this point by De Mooij and Van der Horst, though. Thereby it is known that it had immediate and severe impact in the oil importing countries as well as dramatic effects on oil exporting countries.<br />
After a short section about sports documenting the successes of Dutch athletes during the 1970s and the losses of the national soccer team during the 1974 and 1978 Soccer World Cups, the exhibition presents the entertainment society of the seventies: foreign (foremost American and German) sitcoms and series and Dutch game shows. The introduction of new popular TV stations and more shows reflects the increased acquisition of TVs, the emergence of the colour TV, as well as the consumer society's desire for more variety on the screen. Many visitors are drawn to the video-compilations of 70s TV shows such as <em>Derrick</em>, <em>The Waltons</em>, and <em>Charlie's Angels</em>.<br />
On the second floor, one room - sort of detached from the rest of the exhibition - is reserved for the political issues of the 1970s. A video, provided for by a Dutch TV history channel, tackles in short trailers political polarization, crisis and reforming of the Dutch government, the anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, the abortion discussion, labour unrest, the oil crisis leading to car-free Sundays, the women's movement fighting for equal rights, the New Market riots in Amsterdam, and the emerging squatters movement. It also covers the Moluccan question (South Moluccans in the Netherlands demanded the Dutch to help them gain independence from the Jakarta regime and seized a train in the Netherlands taking hostages to enforce their demands) and the <em>Kabouterbeweging </em>(a Dutch movement protesting against consumerism and environmental pollution). Most issues are sufficiently explained in the video, but some are left unclear. In eighteen minutes, a decade of politics is explained to us.<br />
The only international issue covered is protest against Vietnam War and Nixon's presidency. There is no mentioning of the Cold War or the threat of the Red Army Faction in Germany. Thereby, the Netherlands were put to the test when three RAF terrorists were imprisoned in Maastricht and The Hague and a Dutch policeman was killed during the attempt to arrest one of the terrorists in Utrecht. Even though these political events predominantly had an international dimension and were not of Dutch origin, they did affect the Netherlands as well and therefore should have been part of the exhibition.<br />
Moving on to and passing through the next part of the exhibition turns out to be quite a struggle, simply because it is packed with people. It documents the sexual revolution, sexual freedom, and happiness, for example by the illustration of sex magazines, movies, posters, and a cabinet full of contraceptives. As people glance strangely at me because I am taking pictures and notes in that section, it is debatable how successful the sexual revolution has been after all and how much is left of the 'free spirit' of the seventies.</p>

<p>The make-up of the exhibition is attractive for every age group. As pointed out by Julia Noordegraaf in the <em>Strategies of Display </em>(2004), changes occurred in the way exhibitions have been designed during the last two decades of the twentieth century. In order to turn the museum visit into an experience for the individual as well as for families and groups, different types of presentation have tended to coexist in a single museum, sometimes even in a single exhibition. According to Noordegraaf, the hybridisation of the museum script - mixing old and new ways of communicating art and knowledge to the people - has also generated the temporary exhibition: a way for museums to stand out of the mass and to offer an alternative to the increasing variety of leisure activities. The use of TVs and computers provide the opportunity to access information more easily and interactive devices attract a thrill-seeking audience.<br />
Thus, of particular attraction for children (as well or even more so for hip parents) is the disco area where a DJ console and dance floor invite to imitate John Travolta and Karen Lynn Gorney, the stars of <em>Saturday Night Fever </em>(1977). For those more interested in fashion, a wardrobe and changing rooms are at disposal. The installation of a computer and webcam enables the dressed up fashion victims to keep this memory and to send it to friends and family.<br />
Before leaving the 1970s, everybody is asked to contribute actively to the exhibition by typing his or her own story and experiences of the decade in the seventies' story archive. Hooked up to the internet, the personal account is immediately transmitted to the world wide web. In this regard, the entertainment-seeking audience of today very much reminds of the consumer society that developed in the 1970s due to the welfare without boundaries.</p>

<p>As the patterns and colours were quite the same everywhere and peace demonstrations and women's movement actions were on the order of the day worldwide, a large part of the exhibition could have been put on display anywhere else in the world if one had the intention to present the seventies. Likewise, political and societal polarization could be observed in many countries. The changing social relations, economic and political situation led people to an ideological crossroad. While many became aware of the need to save the environment, show solidarity with the Third World, and engage themselves socially, a large part of society turned more conservative, retreated to the private, and looked after their own well-being. There existed a sense for the common good on both sides, but more so among the squatters and hippies movements on the Left.<br />
The possibility to easily compare the seventies internationally and to identify them as this predominantly light-hearted decade across borders must indispensably be attributed to the achievements of the 1960s worldwide. After the 1950s, a decade of reorientation and reconstruction (particularly in many European countries), during which dealing with the war-past dictated everyday life, politics and economy, the 1960s turned out to be a period of crucial change in the political, public, as well as private spheres. As expressed by Mark Kurlansky in his book <em>1968 - The Year that Rocked the World </em>(2004), it was the universal "desire to rebel, [...] a sense of alienation from the established order, and a profound distaste for authoritarianism in any form" that led to the eventful year of 1968. The resulting student protests, civil rights and anti-war movements, and the increased influence of and voice given to the Left smoothed the way for individual self-realization, female emancipation, changing social relations, while also leading to an increased affiliation with the hippie movement in return. What could be observed was a shift from social activism (for society) to social activities (for the individual), which was countered again by the leftist movements demanding a return from middle-class conservatism and individualism to a sense of community for the common good.<br />
This indispensability to set the seventies into historical context has also been pointed out by Stephen Miller and Shelton Waldrep. Both confirm that the seventies were a crucial decade as during this time, initiatives from the sixties were properly established. Moreover, they assumed a future in contrast to the eighties, which predominantly expressed only a return to the past, to the classics in fashion and behaviour. The economic situation had also changed by the end of the seventies and led to increased unemployment especially for the youngsters, who were later referred to as the 'lost generation'. Once more, despite this international framework, De Mooij and Van der Horst only emphasize the national context in the exhibition.</p>

<p>On the way out, before returning to the works of art of Van Gogh and Bruegel, a poster showing a woman and the smiley (created in the seventies) wave the visitor goodbye. The use of political caricatures by Opland (Rob Wout) effects a smirk on his face. One caricature illustrates the fall of the Joop den Uyl cabinet in 1977 by displaying Den Uyl and other politicians standing in a grave, raising their hands as if praying to get another chance, and saying 'we are still trying to get out of it'. The gravestone reads 'Here rests the cabinet of Den Uyl'. Even though an effective and popular media in communicating politics, the caricatures cause the visitor to keep in mind a more positive picture of the abortion issue, political polarization, the atomic bomb, and the oil crisis, instead of the serious issues which they were.<br />
Towards the end, De Mooij reiterates the 1970s once more and emphasizes that they are gone for good - especially in the case of fashion. There is no mentioning of the environmentalist movement or female emancipation. Similarly, no comment is made about the dealing with the Moluccan question or migration issues in general. Concluding the exhibition in this way runs the risk of leaving an image of the seventies that is too neutral and too happy. Even though it was by and large a light-hearted decade - thanks to the preparatory work done by the 1968-generation - one wishes for more criticism regarding what is left of the seventies spirit. Where are the environmentalists today? Where is the willingness to demonstrate? Where are the hippies today? In the seventies, welfare and a feeling of security allowed people the time to think about communal matters and to be active behind the banner. Nowadays, even though a large part of society is also well-off, people look for ways to accumulate more money and to increase their power instead of doing something for the common good. Maybe De Mooij wanted to trigger those questions and issues, but he should have done so a bit more vigorously.<br />
However, after all, De Mooij wanted to show the ordinary Dutchman of the seventies to the ordinary Dutchman of today as he stated in an interview. Inferring from the visitors' reactions, De Mooij and Van der Horst achieved this goal and therewith contributed to a Dutch feeling of identity. Grandparents remembered the difficulties in raising their children during this time, parents were reminded of the fun they had in the seventies, and children learned about their parents' youth and laughed at the seventies' fashion. Thus, the visitor is more inclined to leave the exhibition with a smile(y) on his face and a nostalgic feeling instead of taking a critical look at the vestiges of the seventies and for example realizing the necessity to counter climate change - a process already underway in the 1970s. Thereby, the latter was also De Mooij's intention as stated on the first panel of the exhibition. Hopefully people will contemplate more about De Mooij's next decade-exhibition titled 'Just the Forties' (emphasis added).</p>

<p><em>Wauw! Nederland in de jaren '70 (Wow! The Netherlands in the seventies)</em>. A temporary exhibition at the Noordbrabants Museum, Den Bosch, Netherlands, from September 29, 2007 to January 28, 2008.</p>

<p><a href="http://geschiedenis.vpro.nl/artikelen/36333308/">http://geschiedenis.vpro.nl/artikelen/36333308/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxylGqZjzhE">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxylGqZjzhE</a><br />
<a href="http://www.nga.nu/mnexpo.asp?exponr=32126">http://www.nga.nu/mnexpo.asp?exponr=32126</a></p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Sarkozy</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/04/sarkozy.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5511</id>

    <published>2008-04-16T11:38:44Z</published>
    <updated>2008-06-16T05:38:43Z</updated>

    <summary>Cees van der Meyden Niet meer geld, maar een andere benadering, stelde Sarkozy onlangs in het Elysée tegen enkele honderden inwoners uit de banlieues als oplossing voor in de problematiek van de Franse voorsteden. Met een &apos;genadeloze oorlog&apos; tegen de...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2008" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[Cees van der Meyden

<p><br /></p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/360px-Sarkozy1.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/360px-Sarkozy1.html','popup','width=360,height=599,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/360px-Sarkozy-thumb-120x199.jpg" alt="360px-Sarkozy.jpg" class="mt-image-left" style="margin: 0pt 20px 20px 0pt; float: left;" height="199" width="120" /></a></span><p>Niet meer geld, maar een andere benadering, stelde Sarkozy onlangs in het Elysée tegen enkele honderden inwoners uit de <i>banlieues </i>als oplossing voor in de problematiek van de Franse voorsteden. Met een 'genadeloze oorlog' tegen de drugshandelaren en 'het einde van de bijstandscultuur' wilde de Franse president de achterstanden bestrijden, aldus <i>NRC-Handelsblad</i>. Dat voornemen past in de eerder dit jaar geformuleerde beschavingspolitiek, waarin "mensen centraal staan in plaats van gebouwen". De Franse president beloofde maatregelen die werk en opleiding  garanderen en discriminatie tegengaan.</p><div><br /></div>]]>
        <![CDATA[



<p>De eerste keer dat Sarkozy - toen minister van binnenlandse zaken - in aanraking kwam met de problematiek van de voorsteden was in het najaar van 2005. Met zijn optreden oogstte hij bewondering. In zijn <i>Getuigenis </i>(2006) schrijft hij: "Bij onze aankomst in Argenteuil werden we, niet geheel toevallig, opgewacht door een woedende menigte van een man of tweehonderd, die ons niet alleen de grofste beledigingen, maar ook alles wat ze in hun handen konden krijgen naar het hoofd slingerde. De spanning was tastbaar. De veiligheidstroepen stonden op scherp. Toch besloot ik de laatste vierhonderd meter te voet af te leggen."<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Er was ook kritiek. Links en rechts vonden dat Sarkozy zijn ministeriële waardigheid schond door te spreken over 'tuig'. "Toen ik het woord 'tuig' in de mond nam, had ik niet het gevoel oneerlijk, hypocriet of vulgair te zijn", zo reageerde Sarkozy. Voor hem bestaat er geen verschil tussen het vocabulaire van de elite en dat van het volk.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De crisis in de Franse voorsteden was voor Sarkozy de aanleiding om zijn boek te schrijven. "Nooit waren reacties en commentaren op een reeks evenementen kenmerkender voor het disfunctioneren van onze democratie", schrijft Sarkozy. Zoals te doen gebruikelijk in Frankrijk was ook nu weer iedereen verantwoordelijk, "en niemand schuldig, zodat niemand rekenschap voor zijn tekortkomingen hoefde af te leggen." Als een beleidsmaatregel niet het gewenste resultaat opleverde werd het oude adagium - het heeft niet gewerkt, dus is er niet genoeg geld in gepompt - van stal gehaald. Sinds het begin van de jaren tachtig is er voor miljarden aan de voorsteden uitgegeven zonder dat er iets veranderde. De onlusten in het najaar van 2005 sterkten Sarkozy in zijn mening dat de tijd was gekomen om schoon schip te maken met een politiek die de Franse maatschappij al decennia verlamt.</p>



<p>Sarkozy sprak voor het eerst van een breuk tijdens de zomerbijeenkomst van de UMP in september 2005. Hij gebruikte <i>rupture </i>en niet 'verandering' of 'frisse wind'. Deze uitdrukkingen hebben immers aan kracht ingeboet omdat ze al meer dan tien jaar bij links en rechts in gebruik waren. Ook het woord 'hervorming' is volgens Sarkozy te zwak: "'Hervorming' is een lege doos gebleken, aangezien hervormingen in Frankrijk na verloop van tijd worden verwaarloosd".<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Zijn stijl van politiek sprak veel Fransen aan en genereerde nieuwe belangstelling. De opkomst bij de presidentsverkeizingen was hoog, ruim drieëntachtig procent van de kiesgerechtigden ging stemmen. "De overweldigende overwinning van Sarkozy duidt op een lang sluimerend verlangen om te breken met oude gewoonten", verklaarde Le Figaro. Sarkozy won niet alleen vanwege zijn stijl maar ook op inhoud. Zijn boodschap overtuigde de Franse kiezer meer dan het 'niet voldragen project' van Ségolène Royal. Fransen kozen deze keer voor kwaliteit, aldus Le Figaro. Ook met een andere oude veronderstelling - Fransen denken rechts en stemmen links -  werd afgerekend: "Vandaag hebben de Fransen gekozen in overeenstemming met hun natuurlijke voorkeur", verklaarde de krant triomfantelijk.</p>



<p><font style="font-size: 1.25em;"><b>W</b></font>at is er met het presidentschap in Frankrijk aan de hand? Een antwoord staat in <i>La Tragedie du President</i>, het in 2006 verschenen boek van de Franse journalist Franz-Olivier Giesbert. Giesbert beschrijft hoe Chirac langzaam maar zeker elk vertrouwen in de kans op hervormingen verloor. Chirac was volgens Giesbert de "incarnatie van de Franse tragedie" geworden, de "bewaker van het Franse sociale kerkhof". Giesbert constateert dat Chirac zichzelf er ten slotte van overtuigde dat Frankrijk geen enkele grote hervorming zou kunnen verdragen. Chiracs woorden bij de herdenking van de veertiende juli onderstreepten dat: "Het Franse maatschappelijke bestel is niet inefficiënt en niet achterhaald."<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Deze houding van Chirac stond in schril contrast met de sociale bevlogenheid van de president van de eerste jaren. Zijn campagne voor de verkiezingen van 1995 draaide om de '<i>fracture sociale</i>', en richtte zich op de enorme werkeloosheid. In die tijd bedroeg het percentage werkeloze jongeren onder de vijfentwintig jaar tweeëntwintig procent. Van de ongeschoolde jongeren en van de jongeren uit de <i>Zones urbaine sensible</i> was bijna veertig procent werkeloos. Sarkozy schrijft over de uitkomst van Chirac's '<i>fracture sociale</i>': "De resultaten zijn bekend, Chirac kreeg zijn tweede termijn. De diagnose was juist. Maar of de voorgestelde behandeling voldoende was om de ziekte te genezen, valt te betwijfelen". Is er dan niets veranderd sinds 1995?</p>









<p>Marc Chavannes - meer dan zes jaar correspondent voor <i>NRC Handelsblad </i>in Parijs - schrijft in <i>Frankrijk achter de schermen</i> (2000) over de stille revolutie van een trotse natie. Hij interviewde diverse mensen, zoals  Felix Rohatyn, sinds 1997 de ambassadeur voor de Verenigde Staten in Parijs, de stad waar hij met zijn Poolse ouders gedurende de jaren dertig woonde. De vloeiend Frans sprekende Amerikaan had door zijn eerdere werk als bankier bij Lazard Frères in New York de economische en maatschappelijke veranderingen in Frankrijk van nabij gevolgd. Op de vraag van Chavannes of Frankrijk blijvend veranderd was, knikte Rohatyn instemmend. Vooral de rol van de staat was in zijn ogen afgenomen. Bijna alle belangrijke bedrijven en banken waren na de oorlog in staatshanden. Lonen en prijzen, de waarde van de munt, de invoer en uitvoer van geld, alles werd gecontroleerd door de staat. Maar de meeste vlaggenschepen waren inmiddels geprivatiseerd, aldus Rohatyn, zoals Air France en France Télécom, maar ook bedrijven waarvan je het niet direct verwacht, zoals de defensie-industrie.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Veel van deze bedrijven zijn na gehele of gedeeltelijke privatisering gefuseerd met andere, vaak niet-Franse bedrijven. In meer dan tien jaar tijd hebben achthonderd en vijftig buitenlandse bedrijven een Franse eigenaar gekregen. Dat steekt schril af tegen het aantal Franse bedrijven dat in buitenlandse handen is gekomen, namelijk negenduizend. Per saldo gaat er twee keer zoveel Frans kapitaal het land uit als dat er buitenlands kapitaal binnenkomt en dat buitenlandse kapitaal wordt dan ook nog gebruikt om Franse bedrijven op te kopen en ze vervolgens naar het buitenland te verhuizen. Volgens Sarkozy teert Frankrijk steeds verder in op zijn vermogen. In 2005 bereikte het handelstekort het historische dieptepunt van ruim zesentwintig miljard euro, ruim drie keer zoveel als in 2004.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De staat vervulde een centrale rol bij het stimuleren van de economie tijdens de jaren vijftig, zestig en zeventig van de vorige eeuw. De overgang van deze succesperiode, <i>Les Trentes Glorieuses </i>, naar een markteconomie heeft echter niet gebracht wat men ervan verwachtte. Het proces van afnemende groei, dat de Franse economie al decennia kenmerkt, is niet tot stilstand gekomen. Ook presteert Frankrijk de laatste jaren slechter dan de rest van de wereld. In 2005 groeide de wereldeconomie met vier procent en de Franse economie met slechts iets meer dan anderhalf.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De Fransen zijn gedemotiveerd en voelen geen uitdaging meer om initiatieven te ontplooien; het sociale vangnet houdt hen vast. Het Franse sociale model is inefficiënt en moet worden hervormd. Steeds meer Fransen delen die opvatting, alleen over de aanpak wordt zeer verschillend gedacht. De oplossing die de sociologen Alain Lefebvre en Dominique Méda in hun boek <i>Faut-il brûler le modèle social Français?</i> aandragen is wel erg conventioneel. Volgens Lefebvre en Méda moet het Franse model worden aangepast naar het voorbeeld van de Scandinavische landen, waar sociale bescherming en een flexibele arbeidsmarkt aan elkaar gekoppeld zijn.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Volgens Sarkozy zou Frankrijk het beste van het Angelsaksische model moeten combineren met het sociale van het Scandinavische model. Tot dusver had men de nadelen van beide stelsels, in plaats van de voordelen. Het probleem is dat de Franse staat wel de middelen verschaft om te overleven, maar niet om op eigen benen te staan. Dat moet ophouden. Volgens Sarkozy, moet worden getoond dat werken weer loont. Want als "iemand die werkt geen beter leven heeft dan iemand die niet werkt, waarom zou je dan 's morgens vroeg nog je bed uit komen?"</p>







<p>De Franse arbeidsmarkt is nog te star. Wie vast werk heeft wordt zo zeer beschermd dat werkgevers wel uitkijken met nieuwkomers. Bij de stakingen van maart 2006 tegen de invoering van het gewraakte jeugdbanenplan - het CPE - interviewde René Moerland van <i>NRC-Handelsblad</i> vier jonge Fransen. Zij behoren tot de generatie die aan het einde van het tijdperk Chirac het gevoel had met legen handen te staan, zoals Olivier Charenton, zevenendertig. Hij werkte bij een Amerikaans bedrijf en is nu al anderhalf jaar werkloos, omdat zijn afdeling werd opgeheven 'om de aandeelhouders tevreden te stellen'. Charenton bezit een universitair diploma internationale handel, spreekt vloeiend Engels en Duits en heeft ook in de Verenigde Staten gewoond. Hij is nu te oud om weer aan de slag te kunnen.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De ervaring van Sylvain Aiguesparses, tweeëndertig, wijst op een ander aspect van de starheid van de Franse arbeidsmarkt. Aiguesparses gaf zijn baan op om te gaan studeren aan het deftige Celsa, school voor communicatie en journalistiek, onderdeel van de Sorbonne. Toen hij na het succesvol beëindigen van zijn studie weer bij zijn vorige werkgever aanklopte kreeg hij te horen dat hij de boot gemist had. Nu heeft hij voor een half jaar een baan als vervanger van een directeur met zwangerschapsverlof. Er is geen uitzicht op een verlenging van zijn tijdelijke contract. "Zorg dat je tijdig 'binnen' bent", is zijn advies. Hij voegt er aan toe dat je niet op zoek moet gaan naar ander werk als je een nieuwe uitdaging wilt.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De hervormingen van Chirac waren volgens Sarkozy gedoemd te mislukken. Niet alleen door de werkwijze van de regering - zij won nauwelijks advies in bij de sociale partners en het parlement - maar ook door het immobilisme van de Franse maatschappij. De regering dacht zonder het parlement hervormingen te kunnen doorvoeren; artikel 49-3 van de grondwet van de Vijfde Republiek maakt het mogelijk dat zij zonder het parlement te raadplegen een wet kan doorvoeren. Het gevecht vond niet in het parlement plaats maar op straat, op de universiteiten en in een later stadium ook in de bedrijven.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Sarkozy wil het te pas en te onpas gebruikte artikel 49-3 schrappen. Hij wil de communicatie tussen regering en parlement stimuleren, en een grotere invloed van de oppositie door deze bepaalde sleutelposities te geven in de senaat en het parlement, zoals in andere Westerse democratieën. Frankrijk heeft altijd moeite gehad om het evenwicht tussen de verschillende machten te bewaren. Nu eens krijgt het parlement te veel macht, dan weer de regering. Het land streeft minder vurig dan Groot-Brittannië naar zoveel mogelijk vrijheid en onafhankelijkheid voor zijn burgers. Sarkozy: "De Britten verwachten van een wet dat die zoveel mogelijk vrijheden garandeert. De Fransen verwachten van een wet dat die maatschappelijke problemen oplost."</p>





<p>De overheid is al tien jaar niet bij machte om veranderingen door te voeren, steeds weer week zij voor de vakbonden, die tegen elke versoepeling van het ontslagrecht zijn. Ze verwijten Europa dat het het Franse sociale statuut onderuit probeert te halen. Typisch Frans om de schuld buiten zichzelf te zoeken, aldus Sarkozy. Hij bestrijdt ook de mening van veel Fransen dat de slechte gang van zaken in hun land te wijten is aan de globalisering van de economie.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Niet de globalisering is de oorzaak, aldus Sarkozy, maar de inflexibiliteit van de Franse arbeidsmarkt en het achterlopen van het onderwijs - in de academische ranglijst van internationale universiteiten van de Sjanghai Jiao Tong University, komt de eerste Franse universiteit pas op de zesenveertigste plaats. "Jarenlang hebben we ons Fransen voorgehouden dat als er niets kan worden ondernomen", aldus Sarkozy, " en als er niets kan worden veranderd, dat te wijten is aan Europa." De verlammende invloed van de globalisering vindt hij overdreven, immers meer dan zestig procent van de Franse banen ondergaat niet eens de invloed van globalisering.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Volgens Sarkozy dateren de sociale en economische problemen van Frankrijk van voor het begin van de globalisering, de situatie verslechtert al sinds 1981. In dat jaar koos Frankrijk voor het eerst sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog een socialist tot president: François Mitterrand. Bij de parlementsverkiezingen van 21 juni behaalden de socialisten toen samen met de links-liberalen de absolute meerderheid. Premier Pierre Mauroy nam vier communistische ministers op in zijn kabinet.</p>





<p>De hervormingsplannen van de commissie-Attali - een groep van veertig economen en andere deskundigen - vormen een blauwdruk voor een economische politiek om Frankrijk weer tot 'een kampioen van de groei' maken. In het lijvige rapport dat onlangs aan Sarkozy werd aangeboden geven meer dan driehonderd plannen aan hoe de Franse economie concurrerender en minder bureaucratisch kan worden. Sarkozy liet in zijn eerste reactie op de voorstellen van de commissie in het midden hoeveel hoop Attali mag hebben. Hij is het eens met de essentie van de voorstellen, maar noemde alleen hervormingen die al in gang zijn gezet.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De president wil geld vrijmaken door het afslanken van de overheid en door het overheidsapparaat flexibeler te laten opereren. Met deze lastenverlichting voor alle burgers hoopt hij de economie te stimuleren. De verwachting van de commissie is dat de voorstellen, mits de samenhang niet teniet wordt gedaan,'zeer spectaculaire resultaten' zullen opleveren. Attali belooft bijvoorbeeld een procent extra groei in 2012, een forse afname van de jeugdwerkloosheid en een staatsschuld die lager is dan de Europese norm.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De dag na publicatie van de plannen van de commissie-Attali staakten de bonden tegen de afslanking van de publieke sector. De minister van financiën, Eric Woerth, heeft de bonden uitgenodigd om te komen praten. Zou nu wel lukken wat onder Chirac niet kon? De Fransen zijn flexibel als het erop aankomt, aldus de Franse econoom Francois Rachline: "Fransen zijn formidabel als ze geen keus hebben. Het is voor hen een obsessie om geen achterstand op te lopen." Naar de overtuiging van Sarkozy zal dat zonder een vorm van zelfreflectie, niet de sterkste eigenschap van veel Fransen, niet lukken. Hij dringt aan op "een soort update van onze waarden, die niet altijd zijn waar wij ze voor houden."</p>



<p>Zal Sarkozy slagen waar zijn voorgangers faalden? De eerste confrontatie van Sarkozy met de vakbonden vond plaats op 22 november van vorig jaar. Volgens  <i>NRC-Handelsblad</i> heeft Sarkozy die confrontatie glansrijk doorstaan. "De eerste slag is voor Sarkozy", kopte het blad. "Met zijn inhoudelijke doortastendheid en persoonlijke terughoudendheid heeft Sarkozy de onvermijdelijke modernisering van Frankrijk een dienst bewezen." De krant voegde daaraan toe dat deze voorlopige overwinning mede te danken is aan de wijze van opereren van de Franse president: hij liet zijn regering de kastanjes uit het vuur halen.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Hoewel Sarkozy een groot bewonderaar is van Margaret Thatcher is hij (nog) niet van plan de aanpak te volgen waarmee zij medio jaren tachtig de militante vakbondstraditie in Groot-Brittannië kraakte. "Een al te gestaalde confrontatie zou juist contraproductief kunnen uitpakken", aldus <i>NRC-Handelsblad</i>. Sarkozy moet erop letten dat de plannen niet als liberaal gepresenteerd worden, want liberaal is nog altijd geen geliefd woord in Frankrijk. Liever spreekt Sarkozy daarom van 'protectie tegen de globalisering' in Europese context.</p>









<p>Op internationaal vlak werkt Sarkozy aan het herstel van de machtspositie van zijn land, schrijft de voormalige Duitse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Joschka Fischer. In <i>Die Zeit</i> schreef hij over Sarkozy's rol op de NAVO-top in Boekarest: "Als je de excentrieke stijl en de schoten uit de heup van de Franse president even vergeet - wat niet makkelijk is - dan laat de buitenlandse politiek van Frankrijk sinds enkele weken een verbazingwekkende vasthoudendheid zien."<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Fischer geeft Sarkozy een goede kans om op Europees vlak een doorbraak te bereiken in het moeizame proces dat moet leiden tot een gezamenlijk Europees buitenlands- en veiligheidsbeleid, aldus <i>NRC Handelsblad</i>. Volgens Sarkozy moet Frankrijk weer volwaardig lid worden van de NAVO. "Maar zijn de Fransen al zo ver dat ze de lang gekoesterde 'exception française' willen opgeven - meer dan veertig jaar nadat generaal de Gaulle de geïntegreerde commandostructuur van de NAVO verliet?", vroeg <i>NRC Handelsblad</i> zich met enig recht af.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; De Franse regering overleefde de stemming over een motie van wantrouwen van de socialisten ruimschoots. Zelfs de Gaullisten legden zich er bij neer dat hun president hard op weg is een centraal geloofsartikel uit de gaullistische leer te schrappen. "Het erfgoed van de generaal, dat is de ironie van de geschiedenis, moet nu worden bewaakt door de socialisten", constateerde Juurd Eijsvoogel in <i>NRC Handelsblad</i>. Volgens de redacteur beschouwt de huidige minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Bernard Kouchner zijn voormalige partijgenoten als mensen die gedreven worden door nostalgie, het zijn 'mensen die niet begrepen hebben dat de wereld veranderd is'.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Breken met het verleden levert hem in het buitenland meer sympathie op dan in eigen land. Bij laatste gemeenteraadsverkiezingen werd Sarkozy afgerekend op de resultaten van de eerste maanden van zijn presidentschap. Toen zijn liefdesperikelen te duidelijk geëtaleerd werden ging het met zijn populariteit snel bergafwaarts. De electorale afstraffing had iets weg van een publieke veroordeling door het Franse publiek voor de on-Franse wijze van optreden van hun president.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; Is Sarkozy in staat om het  vertrouwen van de Fransen terug te winnen zonder zijn hervormingen die hij voor ogen heeft terug te draaien? De tijd zal leren wat sterker is, gezond verstand of nostalgie naar het roemrijke verleden van een land dat meer veranderd is dan het zelf wil weten.</p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Een genie in dienst van Europa</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/04/een-genie-in-dienst-van-europa.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5510</id>

    <published>2008-04-16T11:34:22Z</published>
    <updated>2008-04-22T10:24:17Z</updated>

    <summary>Leonardo da Vinci in Brussel Eveliene Wassen &apos;De De Medicis hebben me groot gemaakt, maar ook gesloopt,&apos; schrijft Leonardo da Vinci in 1515. De inrichting van de Sint Pieter werd namelijk door Paus Leo X, een telg uit dit geslacht,...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2008" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><em>Leonardo da Vinci in Brussel</em></p>

<p>Eveliene Wassen</p>

<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image" style="display: inline;"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/davinci-expo.html" onclick="window.open('http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/davinci-expo.html','popup','width=721,height=555,scrollbars=no,resizable=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,location=no,menubar=no,status=no,left=0,top=0'); return false"><img src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/davinci-expo-thumb-240x184.jpg" width="240" height="184" alt="davinci-expo.jpg" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;" /></a></span><p>'De De Medicis hebben me groot gemaakt, maar ook gesloopt,' schrijft Leonardo da Vinci in 1515. De inrichting van de Sint Pieter werd namelijk door Paus Leo X, een telg uit dit geslacht, aan Rafaël en aan Michelangelo toevertrouwd. Toch klinkt Da Vinci's naam tegenwoordig in één adem met beide andere grootheden. Deze spirituele kunstenaar, wetenschapper, uitvinder en humanistisch filosoof is één van de grootste uit deze grote tijd. De tentoonstelling <em>Leonardo da Vinci, The European Genius</em>, in de Basiliek van Koekelberg te Brussel, gaat nader op die 'unieke' veelzijdigheid in. </p></p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>De ondertitel verwijst naar de aanleiding van de expositie, het vijftigjarige bestaan van Europa. Da Vinci zou de incarnatie zijn van het Europese genie en een belangrijke plaats verdienen bij de verjaardag van de ondertekening van het Verdrag van Rome. De tentoonstelling is niet alleen door deze aanleiding, maar ook vanwege haar omvang en inhoud, uitzonderlijk en geniet de Hoge Bescherming van Koning Albert II, van de voorzitter van het Europese Parlement en van de Europese Commissie. Wellicht hierdoor is het gelukt zoveel authentieke stukken van Leonardo da Vinci bij elkaar te krijgen. We zien de originele codex over de <em>Vlucht der Vogels</em>. Naast tekeningen en schilderijen van Da Vinci, toont de expositie originele sculpturen en documenten als kaarten en tekeningen van tijdgenoten als Rafaël, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Verrocchio en Dürer. Ze zijn fascinerend, hoewel niet altijd meteen duidelijk is of je naar een echt exemplaar of naar een replica kijkt. </p>

<p>Het is echter verbazingwekkend dat zo'n prestigieus project zich blind staart op een romantisch ideaal. Want wat is nu eigenlijk precies eeng enie? Volgens René Schyns, commissaris van de tentoonstelling, is Da Vinci een buitengewone, tijdloze persoonlijkheid en een geniale baanbreker in alle kennisdomeinen. 'Schilder, beeldhouwer, ingenieur, musicus, architect, anatoom, fysicus of uitvinder, Leonardo da Vinci was ongetwijfeld een veelzijdig genie. Deze opmerkelijke figuur uit de renaissance leefde van zijn wetenschap en reisde van mecenas naar mecenas in Italië en Europa, en groeide uit tot een van de meest eminente figuren van de mensheid' zo ronkt Schyns' toelichting in de catalogus. Zo'n verklaring past naadloos in de geniecultus van de achttiende en negentiende eeuw. </p>

<p>Filosoof Maarten Doorman beschrijft in <em>De romantische orde </em>(2004) dat deze cultus een universeel bestanddeel was van de romantiek in heel Europa. Kenmerkend voor deze romantische conventie is dat het genie zich weinig aantrekt van regels en zich laat leiden door inspiratie. Maar ook de rede speelt een belangrijke rol omdat deze bemiddelt tussen verstand en verbeelding. De combinatie van Da Vinci's ver ontwikkelde intellect met zijn bijzonder verfijnde verbeelding en intuïtie, maken hem, in deze context, tot een genie. Door zijn aangeboren talent onderscheidde hij zich al op jonge leeftijd. </p>

<p>Dit kwam tot uiting in zijn vergaande kennis van de menselijke anatomie en zijn absolute beheersing in de voorstelling van de beweging. Hij had een natuurlijke gave voor wiskunde en wetenschappen en hij getuigde van een buitengewone intuïtie die hem zijn hele leven in staat stelde de geheimen van de natuur te doorgronden, aldus Jacques Broun in de catalogus. Da Vinci zocht continu naar geestesvrijheid en wilde de gangbare paden verlaten. Dit kwam ook tot uiting in zijn schilderkunst en beeldhouwwerk. Door zijn onophoudelijke zoektocht en perfectionisme vond hij steeds nieuwe technieken uit, zoals de sfumatotechniek in de schilderkunst. Leonardo hield ervan zijn ideeën op papier te zetten en was niet bang om dogma's te schenden, wat hem soms in de problemen bracht. Zo moest hij zijn anatomische experimenten (tijdelijk) stopzetten omdat hij werd beschuldigd van heiligschennende praktijken. </p>

<p>Een andere eigenschap van het genie zijn volgens Doorman de diabolische trekken die gepaard zouden gaan met diens creativiteit. 'Een tweede schepper' krijgt in de christelijke traditie al snel iets van een alchemist of duivelskunstenaar. Aan het genie kleeft iets bovennatuurlijks en iets onbehaaglijks, iets van de zondebok en iets van de magiër, en dat alles tegelijk heeft een onbestemde aantrekkingskracht. Hoewel Da Vinci in de tentoonstelling niet als 'een tweede schepper' wordt gezien, komt wel de boodschap naar voren dat hij met zijn experimenten in de kunst en in de wetenschap heeft gepoogd goddelijke wetten bloot te leggen, aldus Jean-Christophe Hubert in de catalogus. Hij was namelijk continu bezig om de geheimen van de natuur te doorgronden en universele wetten te ontdekken, om een verband te kunnen leggen tussen al deze gebieden. In zijn wetenschappelijke tekeningen heeft Da Vinci een onthutsend gevoel teweeg gebracht dat de wereld nog niet af was en de mens nog veel te ontdekken had.</p>

<p>Leonardo da Vinci past ook binnen de romantische geniecultus vanwege andere clichés. Zo kwam zijn uitzonderlijke karakter tot uiting in zijn spiegelschrift, een neiging die veel voorkomt bij linkshandigen. Tot slot worden originaliteit en scheppingskracht, de uitzonderlijke vermogens van het genie, bij Da Vinci, overschaduwd door een donkere kant. 'Het genie kent momenten van grote vreugde door zijn eigen onvoorstelbare kwaliteiten, maar altijd gaat dit met leed gepaard' aldus Doorman. Uit de expositie komt naar voren dat Da Vinci zich miskend voelde. Rafaël en Michelangelo mochten alle belangrijke werken uit te voeren, zoals de schilderkunst in de Sixtijnse Kapel. Leonardo verbitterde en voelde zich onbegrepen. Da Vinci's echte roem kwam pas na zijn dood.</p>

<p>The European Genius is een romantisch ideaal uit de negentiende eeuw en de toegevoegde waarde van zo'n begrip valt te betwijfelen. Maar als we het perspectief van de tentoonstelling toch serieus nemen, is het nog steeds te betwisten of Da Vinci een genie was. Jacques Broun schrijft dat de legende haar werk goed heeft gedaan. 'Er hangt zoveel mysterie rond de geboorte en de persoonlijkheid van de jonge Leonardo, rond zijn spiegelhandschrift, rond zijn picturale technieken, de identiteit van zijn modellen en rond de interpretatie van zijn uitvindingen'. Het is daarom van belang de legende van historische waarheid te onderscheiden.</p>

<p>Opvallend is bijvoorbeeld dat de legende niet vertelt, dat zijn manuscripten nooit voor de negentiende eeuw werden gepubliceerd en dat de meeste moderne machines dus niet aan het 'genie' zijn toe te schrijven. Da Vinci was bekwaam om buitengewone en vernieuwende dingen te creëren. Hij was een bijzonder talent en had een opmerkelijke intellectuele vaardigheid. Toch zijn weinig van Da Vinci's ideeën in de praktijk gebracht.</p>

<p>Veel schilderijen en kunstwerken zijn onafgemaakt, juist vanwege Leonardo's hang naar perfectie. Zo laat de expositie zien dat het bronzen ruiterstandbeeld ter ere van <em>Sforza </em>er nooit is gekomen. In 1490 begon Da Vinci aan zijn eerste studies van de Cavallo, een reusachtig ruiterstandbeeld van een steigerend paard dat werd bereden door Francesco Sforza, de vader van de hertog van Milaan. De codex van Madrid II bevat een reeks studies om het beeld in brons te gieten. Dit was door het reusachtige formaat van het standbeeld een technisch hoogstandje. Omdat het beeld twee keer groter was dan de grootste meesterwerken uit de beeldhouwkunst is, bleef het alleen een studie in aardewerk en werd het nooit in brons gegoten. In zijn absolute zoektocht naar perfectie vond Leonardo de voltooiingen wellicht niet eens zo belangrijk. Zijn ambitie lag in zijn schetsen, niet in de uitvoering. </p>

<p>Ook zijn er nooit concrete uitvindingen van Da Vinci in praktijk gebracht, al was hij een meester in mechanica en bouwkunde. Leonardo schetste de grondprincipes van de fiets, de voorloper van de automobiel en vliegende machines, maar het bleef bij theorieën en tekeningen. Een vliegend toestel, uitgerust met schroef en dat door sommigen wordt gezien als de voorloper van de moderne helikopter, was gedoemd te mislukken. De ophanging van deze luchtschroef zou een enorme drijfkracht vereist hebben, aldus Sébastien Pierre in de catalogus. </p>

<p>Voor deze nieuwsgierige man volstond het niet dat hij iets begreep, hij wilde het ook bewijzen en reproduceren. Door middel van zijn schetsen probeerde hij de essentie van een voorwerp, mens of dier te ontcijferen. Vandaar het grote aantal studies voor zijn schilderijen en ingenieurswerken dat nu te zien is. Leonardo da Vinci is eerder dan een genie een vooruitstrevende man, met een hardnekkige nauwkeurigheid. Hij was iemand die zijn tijd vooruit was met zijn wetenschappelijke methode, want deze werd uiteindelijk gevolgd door de Europese moderne technologie. De methode steunt namelijk tegelijk op intuïtie, een kritische geest, nieuwsgierigheid en waarneming, experimenten en communicatie, aldus Broun. </p>

<p>De tentoonstelling zelf weet evenmin te overtuigen dat Da Vinci een genie is. De opzet van de expositie bestaat uit vier perspectieven op Leonardo. Het eerste deel gaat in op <em>De Mens</em>, het tweede op <em>De Kunstenaar</em>, het derde op <em>De Ingenieur</em> en het vierde deel toont Leonardo als <em>De Humanist</em>. In de historie over Da Vinci's leven krijg je niet de indruk met een geniaal persoon te maken te hebben. Werken van kunstenaars uit de renaissance duiden op een klimaat van verandering, maar het is niet duidelijk waarom Da Vinci zo bijzonder is in deze vernieuwende sfeer. </p>

<p>In <em>De Kunstenaar </em>komt een onderscheid tussen de architect, de beeldhouwer en de schilder aan bod. Hier mis je het geniale doordat het falen van Da Vinci wordt beklemtoond. De ideale steden van Leonardo blijven papieren plannen en ondanks zijn talrijke studies wordt hij vóór 1490 nergens officieel aangenomen als architect. Verder bedenkt Da Vinci allerlei oplossingen voor functionele problemen in de architectuur, maar deze zijn nagenoeg niet te verwezenlijken. Bij de schilderkunst zijn meer werken van Da Vinci's leerlingen te zien dan van de meester zelf. Verder staan schilderijen van leerlingen op Leonardo's naam.</p>

<p>In <em>De Ingenieur </em>worden grootse tekeningen van de parachute, de tank en vuurwapens tentoongesteld, maar hier is evenmin ooit iets van ten uitvoer gebracht. Tot slot heeft ook <em>De Humanist </em>weinig van een genie. Los van de anatomische belangstelling is niet duidelijk hoe Leonardo als humanist in het leven stond. In de tentoonstelling draait de belangstelling voor de mens namelijk om de techniek van het ontleden van het menselijk lichaam. </p>

<p>Het 'genie' wordt als Europees ideaal gezien om vijftig jaar Europa te symboliseren. De tentoonstelling over Da Vinci maakt deel uit van de activiteiten ter viering van dit jubileum. Met de ondertitel wil de expositie Europees onderzoek en technologie onder de aandacht brengen. Dit laat zien dat Europeanen ook nu nog vernieuwend zijn en een gemeenschappelijke visie op de toekomst hebben, staat op de website van de tentoonstelling. Da Vinci zou niet alleen zijn tijdgenoten maar tevens de volgende generaties, tot in de eenentwintigste eeuw, hebben beïnvloed. Deze internationale expositie, de grootste ooit over het werk en leven van Da Vinci, moet een ondernemend en stralend beeld van Europa uitbeelden. Leonardo da Vinci wordt aldus het symbool van de Europese identiteit.</p>

<p>Bij het creëren van één Europese identiteit staat voorop de Europese staatsburgers in een gemeenschappelijk economisch, cultureel en politiek project op te nemen. In dit 'Eurodiscours' wordt niet alleen verwezen naar een toekomstig gemeenschappelijk politiek project, maar ook naar gemeenschappelijke historische en culturele 'roots'. Toch leeft er onder de burgers van de zevenentwintig lidstaten een groot wantrouwen jegens de Europese samenwerking.</p>

<p>Slechts vijfenveertig procent van de Europese ingezetenen heeft 'enigszins' vertrouwen in de EU, zo concludeerde een onderzoek van de Eurobarometer (2005). Vanwege dit wantrouwen is er nauwelijks sprake van een Europese identiteit. Deze argwaan is gevoed doordat de burger zich nauwelijks betrokken voelt bij Europese beslissingen, zoals de invoering van de euro. Verder hebben nationale regeringen Europa gebruikt om impopulaire maatregelen te rechtvaardigen. De verzelfstandiging van de nationale spoorwegen, het busvervoer en de energiebedrijven is doorgevoerd met het argument dat het 'moest van Europa', aldus fractievoorzitter van de SP Jan Marijnissen op zijn website. </p>

<p>Ook krijgt kritiek op Europa nauwelijks een plaats in het publieke debat. Het 'nee' van Frankrijk en Nederland tegen de Europese Grondwet geeft blijk van dit wantrouwen. Uit de Eurobarometer is verder gebleken dat slechts achtendertig procent van de Europese onderdanen zich 'soms' als Europeaan beschouwt. Ook begrijpt maar eenenveertig procent van de Europeanen hoe de EU in elkaar zit. Slechts de helft van de burgers vindt het een goede zaak dat hun land lid is van de Europese Unie. </p>

<p>Aan betrokkenheid, kennis en identiteit met betrekking tot Europa schort het dus nog. Om een politieke gemeenschap te vormen zal Europa, net zoals de natiestaten in de negentiende eeuw, zich een eigen identiteit moeten aanmeten. Dit kan alleen door burgers bij de geschiedenis, de totstandkoming en de huidige situatie van Europa te betrekken. Iconen waarmee Europese inwoners zich kunnen identificeren zijn hierbij van belang. Zo is Rembrandt een nationaal symbool voor Nederland en Napoleon voor Frankrijk. Europa zal ook op zoek moeten gaan naar zulke symbolen. Met <em>Leonardo da Vinci, The European Genius </em>heeft Europa '50'  in samenwerking met de Europese Commissie getracht zoiets vorm te geven.</p>

<p>Het is de vraag of dat werkt. Toch is Da Vinci een goed symbool voor Europa. Want net zoals Leonardo's 'geniale' ideeën nooit tot iets werkelijks hebben geleid, is ook de Europese identiteit goeddeels een papieren idee. Het wantrouwen onder de burgers is groot, en ondanks alle verdragen en samenwerkingsverbanden blijft Europa een abstract fenomeen, waar de burgers mijlen ver van af staan. Uiteindelijk zijn zowel Da Vinci's uitvindingen als de Europese integratie en identiteit vooral bij mooie<br />
theorieën gebleven, want woorden zijn dwergen, daden zijn bergen.</p>

<p><em>In het kader van '50 Jaar Europa' wordt een grote tentoonstelling georganiseerd in Brussel. De expo zal op een oppervlakte van 3.000 m² originele documenten, maquettes, codex en uitvindingen tentoonstellen die het resultaat zijn van Leonardo's wetenschappelijke onderzoeken. De tentoonstelling omvat vijf thema's: Leonardo's leven, zijn schilderijen, zijn geschriften, zijn machines en tenslotte Europa's draadkracht als fiere opvolgster van de grote meester.<br />
De tentoonstelling vindt plaats in de Nationale Basiliek van Koekelberg te Brussel - de vijfde grootste kerk ter wereld - van 18 augustus 2007 tot en met 16 maart 2008.</p>

<p>Zie <a href="http://www.boekendingen.nl/wp-nieuws/?p=838">http://www.boekendingen.nl/wp-nieuws/?p=838 </a>en <a href="http://www.tento.be/home/index.cfm?id=154&l=1&reqdate=C2238">http://www.tento.be/home/index.cfm?id=154&l=1&reqdate=C2238 </a></em></p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Why destroy Asmara? Africa’s Secret Modernist City</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/01/why-destroy-asmara.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5173</id>

    <published>2008-01-16T15:18:27Z</published>
    <updated>2008-01-22T10:24:55Z</updated>

    <summary>By Christoph Rausch The inhabitants of Asmara, the capital of the young African nation of Eritrea situated in the mountains towering to the east of the Red Sea, have seen their share of conflict and violence. Neighboring Somalia, Ethiopia, and...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2007" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><em>By Christoph Rausch</em></p>

<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/Asmara-Panorama-thumb-125x83.jpg"><img alt="Thumbnail image for Asmara-Panorama.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2008/01/Asmara-Panorama-thumb-125x83-thumb-200x132.jpg" width="200" height="132" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;"/></a></span>The inhabitants of Asmara, the capital of the young African nation of Eritrea situated in the mountains towering to the east of the Red Sea, have seen their share of conflict and violence. Neighboring Somalia, Ethiopia, and Sudan, the Eritrean city is regional witness to a century characterized by colonialist exploitation, racist genocide, ideologically fused proxy wars maintained by the cold war superpowers, despotic dictatorships, and lethal ethnic clashes. Eritrea is known as a subject of countless news reports depicting yet another human catastrophe resultant in immeasurable suffering. </p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>Against this dreary background, it can truly be regarded a little wonder, then, that the considerable attention that the city of Asmara has lately been getting is directed at its splendid architectural and urban heritage. The historic perimeter of Asmara and its modernist architecture developed during the heydays of colonialism under a fascist Italian regime and, recently added to the tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage programme, somewhat miraculously survived the long period of postcolonial turmoil virtually undamaged.<br />
Indeed, after the vicious wars and the resultant economic depravation and international isolation of the past, with peace in 2001 a secret has been discovered in Asmara. Here we can find the largest complete urban ensemble of early modernist architecture in the world – on par with Miami South Beach and Tel Aviv. Evolved during the burgeoning period of expansion of the so called <em>Africa Orientale Italiana</em> between 1930’s and early 40’s, but begun by the Italian colonizers at the turn of the century, already, the evidence of construction in Asmara features a breathtaking array of architectural styles and curiosities.<br />
Due to the involuntary moratorium in construction activities, beginning with the British takeover after the 1941 Italian defeat in World War II and extending into the struggles of independence with Ethiopia, more than 400 architecturally significant buildings remain in essentially unaltered condition. Featuring characteristics of novecento, neo-classicism, neo-baroque, monumentalism futurism, and rationalism – the Italian interpretation of the so called international Modern Movement of functionalist architectural conviction – these buildings make Asmara a living proof of the very diversity of modernism in architecture.<br />
Despite the detrimental consequences for many of the inhabitants of this remarkable city, then, the circumstantial conditions of war – so denying to foreign investors and urban developers over a phase of 60 years – are thus controversially regarded a blessing by some conservationists. As Peter Cachola-Schmal, director of the Deutsches Architektur Museum (DAM) hosting the exhibition <em>Asmara: Afrikas heimliche Hauptstadt der Moderne</em> in Frankfurt rather cynically remarks in his foreword to <em>Asmara: The frozen City</em>: "poverty is the best conservation tool".<br />
And indeed, seemingly coincidently, it is the very traits of poverty, the patina of decennia of forced neglect of building substance and a desperate lack of resources to build new structures that appear to have made Asmara interesting in the Western eye of the beholder. Why should this African city be of any interest to us? Was a universally valid contribution to architecture made here? Cachola-Schmal innocently reports to have asked prior to the launch of the exhibition. In the end it were the melancholy shots of a mysterious, slightly crumbling, ideal city of modernism that fascinated.<br />
The visitors of the exhibition about to travel through Germany and Italy, later on, have the opportunity to evaluate the strangely beautiful photographs of crumbling Asmara. They can judge the architectural significance of the city, not the least thanks to the promotion of the Eritrean Cultural Assets Rehabilitation Program (CARP), and its former director, Naigzy Gebremedhin, who is a co-editor of the seminal study <em>Asmara: Africa’s Secret Modernist City</em>, first published in 2003. <br />
Gebremedhin is well aware that the voices of nostalgia now urging to conserve relics of a bygone era in Asmara increased in volume because of the widespread publicity that the highly visual, but ardently informative exhibition – primarily based on the elaborate analysis provided by Gebremedhin’s book – was able to generate in the West. And, in fact, Gebremedhin and his collegues at CARP – part of the International Cooperation, Macro Policy and Economic Coordination Department of the Eritrean government – must have calculated that if only these voices increased in numbers and powerful influence, they potentially meant financial aid and touristic development for their small African country in the future.<br />
Direct appeals for assistance are therefore also frequent in the catching 2005 documentary <em>City of Dreams</em>, regularly shown on the occasion of the exhibit, in which Naigzy Gebremedhin guides through his city as a charismatic protagonist-narrator. The documentary augments an infectious enthusiasm for the magnificent artifacts of the past with a sense of respect for everyday life within the historic environment of Asmara. At the same time it manages to juxtapose an acute awareness of the many complicated postcolonial implications every occupation with that heritage necessarily throws up.<br />
<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/bar.gif"><img alt="bar.gif" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/bar-thumb-221x162.gif" width="221" height="162" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;"/></a></span>Today, Asmara generates attraction as a remarkably intact exemplary of a once glamorous modern European colonial settlement. This is evident also to Weine Dessalegn, an interior architect trained in the West and subsequently put in charge of conservation and restoration efforts in Asmara, who matter of factly remarks in an interview featured in <em>City of Dreams</em> that the Italians built Asmara for themselves, not for the Asmarinos or the Eritreans. A statement with which she actually intends to give weight to her personal interpretation of the origin of the many beautiful sites in Asmara. The Italians built Asmara for themselves, and in so doing, they built it with a lot of soul, care and attention to detail, she declares. And, indeed, such daring details as the unknown architect Bibolotti’s dazzlingly elegant staircase in a small, unimposing rationalist building housing three sets of flats and a shop situated on a minor Asmaran crossroad, really continue to allure until today.<br />
<span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cinema-impero.jpg"><img alt="cinema-impero.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/cinema-impero-thumb-200x133.jpg" width="200" height="133" class="mt-image-left" style="float: right; margin: 0 20px 20px 0;"/></a></span>However, in confirmation of the exclusiveness in Dessalegn’s explication of the gaiety of Asmaran design, while erecting the city equal attention to detail was devoted to a radical segregation between the indigenous population and the Italian colonizers through means of modern urban planning and a technique of strict zoning. As the critic Frantz Fanon has exclaimed, the first thing the native learns is to stay in its place. The awesome buildings of the inner city district, from the monumental, yet gently proportioned Pallazzo Falletta – designed for the famous Italian industrialist Santo Falletta – that remains prominently structuring the very town centre, to the representative cinemas Impero and Odeon that used to provide modern entertainment to the Italians; all were strictly off limits for the coloured, native population.<br />
While the building site of Asmara thus appears to have constituted a blank canvas on which – owing to Asmara’s relative obscurity and distance from the old continent – the Italian architects and engineers could escape the constraints imposed on their activities in a more conservative European environment, the urban utopia eventually built in East Africa was established at considerable cost to the native population. Forced re-housing was common and beyond the dividing belt around the inner city, in the so called native quarters, the planners’ devotion to comfort of living remained minimal compared to the advanced amenities introduced elsewhere. The living conditions in these slums, as depicted in <em>The City of Dreams</em>, continue to appal even today. Still no sewage system has been installed and even sealed roads are nowhere to be found in these densely populated districts.<br />
Intriguingly, such obvious and intricate involvement of Western architects and urban planners in enterprises of colonial domination and racial Apartheid, with instances easily to be found all over the globe, have structurally been neglected in the grand narratives of modern architecture. Instead, conservative histories of architectural modernism serve to reinforce one-dimensional, Eurocentric discourses of cultural influence and identity that – in turn – come to conspicuously constitute the basis of international conservation registers. With regard to the geographical extension of the Modern Movement, conventionally only the tautological “proof” of its superiority, progressiveness, and universal relevance is cited, most famously by Johnson and Hitchcock in their reference to an international style. The socio-historic preconditions that were allowing Western experts – architects, engineers and urban planners – to export their ideologies to the colonies in the first place, and the foreign influences they incorporated in their work, are hardly ever addressed.<br />
Gebremedhin’s case study of Asmara, the documentary film as well as the exhibition on the city can generally be considered extraordinary exceptions, adding to tendencies towards a more reflective reception of architectural modernisms. Very inclusively and under careful consideration of the dark sides to the formation of the confines of the city as they are nowadays admired, a comprehensive historical overview on the development of Asmara is provided as a framework within which to contextualize the architectural development.<br />
The fact, for instance, that the building boom and the display of wealth in the Asmara of the 1930’s was effectively made possible by the rather late entry into the colonial race by the Mussolini regime, is discussed at length. The enormous population growth at the time, peaking at 70.000 Europeans and more than 100.000 Eritreans, is explained as a reaction to the extra resources provided in support of the Italian military campaign to annex the then only African member of the League of Nations, Ethiopia. And, although the consequential influx in inhabitants should have been more dramatically set in relation to the genocidal effects of the battle for Ethiopia, which caused 1 million Ethiopean casualties due to the utilization of modern weapons of mass destruction by the Italians, it is positive that also the entry of historic Asmara into the tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage now bears clear reference to this historical circumstance. Other recommendations of sites of significant modernist architectural heritage, such as the deifying description of the universal value of the Indian city of Chandigarh, designed among others by Le Corbusier, are less critical in their approach, by far.<br />
Moreover, room is devoted to the discussion of native influence on the Italian planners and architects that extends beyond the mere exploitation of manual labour. When the village of Arbate, originally lying on the outskirts of early Asmara, was moved to accommodate the urban expansion of the city, for example, the site remained of vital importance to the indigenous orthodox Christian community as their church was situated there, too. In 1920, then, the Italian architect Gallo designed a bigger church to replace the original. While otherwise obeying to fairly modern stylistic codes, this house of worship featured clear references to the indigenous <em>hidmo</em> style of building and to a related construction method dubbed the monkey head technique. In 1938 the church was yet again replaced by an enlargement, this time planned by an unknown architect, who took over references to native building styles, as well – the towers retained traditional <em>agdo</em> roofs, for instance.<br />
The diverse and often complex cross-fertilization of architectural styles as it is manifest in Asmara – not only on the plane of hybrid fusions between African and European archetypes, but also with respect to distinctive currents within modernism in architecture – is adequately hinted at by the exhibition and the documentary. But, as a definite source of information, the book <em>Asmara: Africa’s Secret Modernist City</em> proves especially elucidating, here. It features a comprehensive, commented inventory of the significant buildings, ordered according to a taxonomy based on distinct historic phases of construction, and is richly illustrated with carefully set in scene color photographs. The manuscript also comes complete with an astute bibliography, a useful chronology and a practical index. It is the pioneering expertise gathered in this survey, then, that will prove of indispensable help in all efforts to protect the cultural heritage of Asmara.<br />
In fact, the necessity of broad scale conservation efforts to safeguard this site demonstrating one of the highest concentrations of modernist architecture in the world seems to be a matter unanimously and popularly agreed upon. The residents of Asmara – as featured in the documentary <em>City of Dreams</em>, in any case – appear to be proud to finally have appropriated a city that, although not intentionally designed for them but their oppressors, is of remarkable human scale: much unlike many other grand modernist projects of urban development, Asmara is very much accommodating of pedestrian city dwellers, for instance. As a result, many Asmarinos are likely to agree to Naigzy Gebremedhin who claims to have made his peace with the fact that the unique architecture of Asmara, which many others have come to appreciate so much as a consequence of his groundwork, originally stems from an evil regime.<br />
But, why destroy it, Gebremedhin asks. Indeed, the question at stake seems to be not whether to conserve Asmara, but how to. Especially how in due process to do full justice to the history of colonialist exploitation and human suffering that is inextricably connected with the fine modernist inheritance of the city. In the end, the issue of how to conserve the architecture of Asmara appears to be irrevocably attached to the problem of whose heritage it is. Certainly, after the Italians had left the country, the colonizers’ former living quarters were rightfully appropriated by the indigenous population and, consequently, the living culture that has developed there, until today, absolutely needs to be taken into account on par with any dedication to the preservation of Asmara’s colonial legacy. <br />
Naigzy Gebremedhin and CARP are right; the considerable chance of economic development that the increasing attention directed at the historic perimeter of Asmara is likely to open up needs to be grasped in order to finally improve overall conditions of living. Essentially, there is hope for a change for the better also benefiting the many still forced to live in the slums. And, indeed, after a broken past, truly all of the inhabitants of Asmara deserve a share of future peace and prosperity.</p>

<p><strong>Asmara: Afrikas heimliche Hauptstadt der Moderne. (Deutsches Architektur Zentrum, Berlin, 3 October – 3 December 2006; Deutsches Architektur Museum (DAM), Frankfurt am Main, 6 February – 15 April  2007; Kasseler Architekturzentrum, Kassel, 24 April – 13 May 2007; BDA Galerie, Stuttgart, 21 September – 19 October 2007; International Union of Architects (UIA), World Congress, Turino, July 2008)</strong><br />
<strong><br />
Ruby Ofori and Edward Scott, City of Dreams. (Documentary film, 2005)</strong></p>

<p><strong>Edward Denison, Guang Yu Ren, and Naigzy Gebremedhin, Asmara: Africa’s Secret Modernist City, London / New York 2003, 240 p. ISBN-13: 978-1858942094</strong></p>

<p><strong>Stefan Boness (phot.), Jochen Visscher, Asmara: The Frozen City, Berlin 2006, 96 p.  ISBN 3-936314-61-6</strong></p>

<p>see http://www.daz.de/sixcms_4/sixcms_upload/media/2811/asmara_bilduebersicht.pdf<br />
http://www.daz.de/sixcms_4/sixcms_upload/media/2811/02_pm_asmara.pdf<br />
http://www.asmera.nl/sembel-residentional.htm<br />
</p>]]>
    </content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Blurring the lines</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/01/blurring-the-lines.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5171</id>

    <published>2008-01-16T15:13:38Z</published>
    <updated>2008-01-22T10:19:17Z</updated>

    <summary>A review of 10 canoes (2006), a film directed by Rolf de Heer By Luke Panaccio Whilst walking down Swanston Street in Melbourne, in the direction of Flinders Street Station on a pleasant September afternoon, one may encounter one of...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2007" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><em>A review of 10 canoes (2006), a film directed by Rolf de Heer<br />
By Luke Panaccio</em></p>

<p>Whilst walking down Swanston Street in Melbourne, in the direction of Flinders Street Station on a pleasant September afternoon, one may encounter one of the sparse contemporary visions of Indigenous Australia.  The vision is often first encountered when one has arrived at the foot of St. Paul’s Cathedral.  It is definitely not the image that a tourist would expect of these people; nowhere is a didgeridoo to be seen, nor is there a re-enactment of a traditional corroboree (dancing ceremony) for the quick indulgence of tourist exoticism to be found.  Rather one sees a bunch of shaggy-haired, smelly, badly dressed, foul-mouthed, chain-smoking, beer or whisky drinking people.  Not only men, but also women, and even some children.  The colour of their skin, and their version of the Australian accent are clear indicators that these people are Indigenous Australians.  <br />
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        <![CDATA[<p>The above is the primary image that most Australians have of the Indigenous population, especially in the big cities.  They are always in some way connected to trouble; take the just released music video clip of Aboriginal Rugby Champion-turned professional boxer-turned hip hop artist Anthony ‘The Man’ Mundine, which shows Indigenous Australians in Redfern (a central Aboriginal hotspot in Sydney) burning the Union Jack and photos of John Howard (the current Prime Minister of Australia). It is either this rather extreme vision that is often indulged by Australians, or that of another extreme, that of the uncivilised natives.  This latter extreme however is mostly only encountered at the numerous tourist traps that line the Eastern Coast or the centre of the island-continent.<br />
Australian director Rolf de Heer has attempted with his latest film, 2006’s <em>10 Canoes</em>, to address the contemporary image of Indigenous Australia.  De Heer has been making films in Australia since the late 1980’s, but <em>10 Canoes</em> is only the second film that de Heer has used to explore Australia’s relationship with its Indigenous peoples, as well as with its chequered past.  Before <em>10 Canoes </em>came 2002’s <em>The Tracker</em>, a film set in outback Australia, and which was de Heer’s ninth film.  Previous to <em>The Tracker</em>, de Heer has focussed his attention on making low-budget films, and both <em>The Tracker</em> and <em>10 Canoes</em> have also kept true to his low-budget film-making philosophy.<br />
What makes de Heer able to keep his films at such a low cost is his ability to take an integrated approach to movie-making.  On most of his films, de Heer is both writer, director and producer.  He also works with a very small crew and cast, with a lot of overlap between various positions in the movie-making process.<br />
Sticking to low budgets is not the only film-making convention that de Heer is renowned for.  His films have been praised for their exploratory usage of sound, often incorporating experimental sound design in his collaboratory work.  De Heer often shoots his films sequentially and works very closely with a sound collaborater on set, meaning that he is able to get his actors to often act in sync with a particular piece of sound in mind.  De Heer has also experimented with visual effects.  The usage of paintings in <em>The Tracker</em> to depict scenes of extreme screen violence was quite original in its portrayal.  When the violence against the Indigenous people was depicted, de Heer decided to illustrate this violence by using the oil paintings of Peter Coad, instead of the use of actual film.<br />
The idea for <em>The Tracker</em> came whilst shooting footage in the outback for the film <em>Dingo</em> (1991). A week was spent during the filming of <em>Dingo</em> with a small cast and crew; both slept under the stars at night. So productive was this week, and not to mention cheap, that de Heer thought how amazing it would be if he could film an entire film in this format.  Thus, the idea for <em>The Tracker</em> was born.<br />
De Heer’s reasoning behind focussing on the Indigenous issue in this film came from trying to find a particular story to suit the film-shooting concept that de Heer had in mind.  The story evolved into a four man cast set in 19th century outback Australia, where three white men, one of them a local police officer, use an Aboriginal tracker (actor David Gulpilil) to hunt down another Aboriginal man who had been accused of raping one of the local white women.  <em>The Tracker</em> is a brilliant film, in particular for its portrayal of the often extremely violent relationship between the Anglo-Celtic settlers and the Indigenous population. This brutal relationship is even to this day often hushed over.<br />
Around the same time as <em>The Tracker</em>, another important film for Australian film-making was released. Phillip Noyce’s <em>Rabbit Proof Fence</em> (2002) dealt with one of the more troubling and unsettling issues of Australia’s past, that of the ‘Stolen Generation’.  This term describes the thousands of half- or quarter-caste Aboriginal children that were removed from their Aboriginal mothers and placed into white-Australian families.  Many of these children are now the Indigenous people that one is to find sitting outside of the Cathedral in Melbourne.<br />
The practice began from very early on in Australia’s European history in an attempt to breed out Aboriginality, and was official state policy for the first half of the 20th century.  The practice continued until the early 1970’s and only became fully brought to public attention with 1997’s <em>Bringing Them Home</em> report.  <em>Rabbit Proof Fence </em>told the story of three girls who had been removed from their mother’s care during the 1930s and were taken to a holding settlement. From there they escaped and attempted to make their way back home to their mother.  The film was to play a big role in the debate concerning the Stolen Generation.<br />
Both The Tracker and <em>Rabbit Proof Fence</em> place the Indigenous Australian issue in the foreground of contemporary Australian film, and both films portray the negative side of the story.  <em>The Tracker</em> depicts the main Indigenous character in the film, simply called the Tracker, most of the time as bound by chains that are controlled by the racist white leader of the pack.  <em>The Tracker</em> is leading the group of white men, who all sit on horses, by foot through the outback after the renegade black man.  He is forced to endure the atrocities of the white man that he witnesses, such as the massacre of an innocent group of Indigenous people.<br />
<em>Rabbit Proof Fence</em> tells the harsh story of three Indigenous children trying to find their mother after having been taken away from her by the white Australian government.  Both stories need to be told, but there is another side to Aboriginal Australia that exists. This side is shown in de Heer’s <em>10 Canoes</em>.<br />
<em>10 Canoes</em> is set in northern Australia, in Central Arnhem Land, and recounts a story when the Indigenous people of Australia were still living in their traditional manner.  There are two stories that are being told throughout the film; one is distinguished from the other through the usage of black and white film for one story, and colour film for another.  The black and white film is representative of a time 80 or 90 years ago, whilst the colour film is representative of the Dreamtime, the time that in traditional Aboriginal culture represents the beginning of the beginning, a time where the world was created by the giant Goanna.<br />
Much of the inspiration for the film stems from the anthropological work of Donald Thomson, who took a series of black and white photographs in Central Arnhem Land in the 1930s.  This collection of photos is one of the best collections of Indigenous Australia, and was the inspiration behind many of the shots in the black and white part of the film, such as the shot where the ten canoeists are poling through the swampland on the hunt for goose eggs.<br />
There is a narrator that speaks English throughout the film, and he is identified early on as The Storyteller.  The Storyteller is played by David Gulpilil, who played the Tracker in <em>The Tracker</em>, and a similar role in Rabbit Proof Fence as well.  The Storyteller narrates an account of his ancestors, those characters of the black and white part of the film who are on the goose.<br />
The geese live in the swamp lands, and in order for the men to get to the geese they must build canoes from the bark of local trees.  Whilst following the men on their preparation for the hunt, the Storyteller informs us that the eldest of the men has found out that his younger brother is very keen on the youngest of his three wives.  The old man addresses his brother, and tells him a tale from the Dreamtime, in order to teach him the Tribal Law and how to follow the right way.<br />
The movie then switches to colour, and we begin to watch the enactment of the tale being told.  It shows another younger brother courting the younger wife of his elder brother.  Both stories interweave through one another and the Storyteller helps keep the flow of the film on track.<br />
The Thomson photographs are important to the Ganalbingu people, especially in the making of this film.  They play a central role in everyday life in the Ganalbingu clans, with most people being able to identify themselves with one of the men in the photographs, claiming this one as an uncle, another as a father and so forth.<br />
A similar relationship to the photos is found with the casting for the film.  The clan leaders didn’t want actors to play the characters in the film unless they had a legitimate connection in terms of clan or moiety.  So the actors had to be related in some way to the characters that they were going to play.  This was interesting method of selecting characters for the film, as it meant that the Ganalbingu people themselves were in charge of selecting the actors that would be in the film.  Another interesting factor was the language.  Except for the lines of the Storyteller, the entire film is acted in the local Ganalbingu language, meaning that the people were also heavily involved in writing the script.<br />
Not only were the Ganalbingu people concerned in selecting the actors and writing the script, but they were also instrumental in developing the traditional artefacts that were needed for the film.  Spears, digging tools, baskets and the sort were developed, not to mention the canoes.<br />
Making the canoes for the film was a highly emotional event for the Ganalbingu people.  The knowledge needed to make these canoes had almost faded out, with only a few elderly men vaguely remembering how it was done.  Through experimentation, and the use of the original Thomson photographs, the knowledge on how to rebuild the canoes was rediscovered, called a ‘small miracle’ by those who had witnessed its re-creation.<br />
Rediscovering lost knowledge, with building the canoes, has stimulated a cultural renewal for the Ganalbingu people.  A number of side projects have popped up after the filming of <em>10 Canoes</em>.  The 11 Canoes project is an attempt to teach the youth from Ramingining (the area where the film was shot) how to shoot and edit video footage, whilst the 14 Canoes project is recreating an album with the original Thomson photos and their contemporary equivalents.  There is a revived interest in the tradition ways for the Yolngu people.<br />
The choice of Gulpilil to play the role of the Storyteller cannot be ignored.  He is easily the most highly decorated and recognisable of Indigenous actors, and by placing him as the Storyteller, de Heer in fact is telling three stories, not just two.  The third story is the current discussion between contemporary Australia and its relationship to the original inhabitants.<br />
The Storyteller even uses modern narrative conventions; his opening lines are ‘Once upon a time, in a land far, far away’, followed by a burst of laughter.  This classic way of beginning English fairy tales contrasts with the rest of the film.  After his laughter subsides, the Storyteller continues, directly speaking to his contemporary audience, ‘it’s not your story, it’s my story, a story like you’ve never seen before...’  By introducing the movie in such a fashion, the Storyteller places the film directly within the current discourse concerning contemporary Indigenous Australia.<br />
This is not just a film about traditional Aboriginal culture, it is a story that still exists today; it shows that there are Aboriginal tales that are yet to be told. Tales that do not need to focus on the negative associations of the people, nor cater to the tourist demand for exoticism and which challenge the vision of the drunk and unemployed Aboriginals in the centre of town.  <br />
No, <em>10 Canoes</em> shows that there are still Aboriginal stories to be told that can blur the lines between past, present and future, and these are certainly stories that need to be heard by anybody who currently claims to call themselves Australian.<br />
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</entry>

<entry>
    <title>Truthful Lies. A look at Michael Moore&apos;s Movies</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/2008/01/truthful-lies-a-look-at-michae.html" />
    <id>tag:www.fdcw.org,2008:/reviewc//227.5170</id>

    <published>2008-01-16T15:07:42Z</published>
    <updated>2008-03-27T08:11:56Z</updated>

    <summary> By Janneke Frambach Watching Michael Moore&apos;s movies makes me feel convinced and deceived at the same time. At the end I just want to shout: &quot;See?! There&apos;s really something wrong with this world and we have to act right...</summary>
    <author>
        <name><![CDATA[Andr&eacute; Koehorst]]></name>
        <uri>http://fdcw.org/andrek</uri>
    </author>
    
        <category term="Issue 2007" scheme="http://www.sixapart.com/ns/types#category" />
    
    
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en-us" xml:base="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/">
        <![CDATA[<p><span class="mt-enclosure mt-enclosure-image"><a href="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/michael_moore.jpg"><img alt="michael_moore.jpg" src="http://www.fdcw.org/reviewc/assets_c/2008/01/michael_moore-thumb-125x145.jpg" width="125" height="145" class="mt-image-right" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 20px 20px;"/></a></span></p>

<p><em>By Janneke Frambach</em></p>

<p>Watching Michael Moore's movies makes me feel convinced and deceived at the same time. At the end I just want to shout: "See?! There's really something wrong with this world and we have to act right now!" But it is also obvious that Moore - a filmmaker, author and social and political activist - is a brilliant propagandist who plays his audience "like a violin", as one of his critics puts it, and so I should temper my enthusiasm. </p>]]>
        <![CDATA[<p>There is no doubt however that Moore's 2002 movie <em>Bowling for Columbine</em> is a good piece of work. His search for an answer to the question why there are so many gun related deaths in the USA compared to other industrialized nations, leads him from Marilyn Manson to the president of the National Rifle Association (NRA), and from Los Angeles South Central to Canada. The film won the 55th Anniversary Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Oscar for Best Documentary. <br />
Its theme is America's culture of fear, which according to Moore is the cause of all those gun murders. He shows that the media, companies and politicians spread huge amounts of false fears and scares, in order to obtain high ratings, to sell safety products, to pass legislations or to win elections. Moore mentions that in the period 1990-1998 the murder rate in the US declined by 20% while the news coverage of murders increased by 600%. These abundant crime stories arouse feelings of fear and anxiety that cause people to kill more easily, Moore suggests. <br />
It is not liberal gun policy, violent movies, ethnic diversity or ghetto poverty, for his camera shows that these things also exist in Canada, where the annual gun homicide number is 165, compared to 11,127 in the US. A policeman of the Canadian city of Windsor (400.000 inhabitants) tells that only one gun murder was committed in the last three years - by a guy from Detroit who had a stolen weapon from Minnesota. <br />
	 Moore's 2004 film <em>Fahrenheit 9/11</em> is cut from the same wood. With a large dose of critique and tragedy, but with a great sense of humour he tries to uncover the US government's and particularly president Bush's connection to the 9/11 attacks. The movie begins with the confusing presidential elections of 2000, when George W. Bush doubtfully beat Al Gore. One by one Moore shows the black congressmen who object to Bush's inauguration, like the representative from Duval County, Florida, where 16,000 blacks were disenfranchised from the elections. Standing in front of Congress she emotionally states that her petition, like the other ones, is not signed by a single senator, which makes it useless. Watching this scene makes you feel stunned and angry, a feeling Moore fuels even further in the next part about president Bush, happily going on vacation 42% of his first presidential year. <br />
The film continues by revealing the supposed family ties between the Bushes and the Bin Ladens, and follows by unravelling the real reason for invading Afghanistan and Iraq, and for signing the Patriot Act. In the end <em>Fahrenheit 9/11</em> is a movie about inequality, about the poorest people from the worst neighbourhoods who are willing to fight and make sacrifices for the money-making millionaires, for whom Iraq is a business paradise. The film won the top honour Golden Palm at the Cannes Film Festival and is by far the most successful documentary in history. <br />
Besides making a strong political statement Moore also just wants to make a good Friday night movie to eat popcorn to, as he explains in an interview. Both films are indeed very entertaining with their combination of humour and tragedy, the alternation of non-fiction footage and scenes from old Hollywood movies, and the numerous shots of president Bush looking at his dumbest. <br />
Moore is a genius in finding the right interviewees, ordinary people as well as celebrities. Take for example farmer James Nichols, brother of one of the Oklahoma City bombers, who sleeps with a 44.Magnum under his pillow and claims that it is a citizen's duty to violently overthrow a government that has turned tyrannical. To Moore's question why he doesn't do it Ghandi's way, he uncomfortably answers that he's not familiar with that. In <em>Fahrenheit 9/11 </em>Moore asks several congressmen if they can send their sons to Iraq, since only one of them has an enlisted son in the war and president Bush could use some more soldiers there. The look in their eyes tells you that they haven't thought of that possibility for even one moment and they hurry to get away.<br />
But no matter how attractive Moore's style seems to be in first instance, there is something fundamentally wrong with his way of filmmaking. One of his biggest critics, Dr. David T. Hardy, emphasizes that - according to the Academy Award rules - a documentary is a non-fictional movie. Moore's work cannot be classified as such, because it contains untruthful, misleading and deceiving elements, Hardy claims on his elaborate anti-Moore website. He even wrote a book called <em>Michael Moore Is A Big Fat Stupid White Man </em>in which he refutes the story from Moore's book <em>Stupid White Men</em>. Although some of the criticism is far-fetched into irrelevant details, Hardy has a strong case against Moore, and an endless number of other Moore-criticizing websites support him.<br />
 He accurately analyzes Moore's propaganda techniques and demonstrates the filmmaker's mastery in creating false impressions, "in a way that leaves the viewer with the belief that X is true, without Moore ever quite saying X". This way Moore can never be blamed of saying something that is provably false. <br />
Take for example the scene in <em>Fahrenheit 9/11 </em>about 142 Saudis - including 24 members of the Bin Laden family - who flew out of the USA immediately after 9/11. Moore notices that the airspace was closed in the days after the attacks, but then, who wanted to fly? Nobody, says Moore, except the Bin Ladens, and he cuts to an image of a plane taking off speedily. Meanwhile he tells that a number of Saudis were picked up by a private jet and flew abroad after the 9/11 events. <br />
Hardy rightly remarks that the viewer now concludes that the Saudis sneakily flew out of the country when everybody was supposed to be grounded. But, Hardy stresses, Moore in fact never really says that. Thus when the 9/11 Commission Report was published, which states that all the Saudi flights were legally arranged after the airspace was opened, Moore's reaction was that he didn't intend to suggest that the Bin Ladens took off while all other flights were grounded. <br />
And Moore goes further than merely making false insinuations. Hardy shows that the moviemaker deliberately deceives his audience by decontextualizing certain footage and perfectly editing it into a new context, which gives it a whole new meaning. <br />
One of the figures in <em>Bowling for Columbine</em> is Charlton Heston, Hollywood actor and president of the NRA. His pro-gun speeches at Denver, only eleven days after the Columbine high school shooting, and in Flint, immediately after an elementary school shooting where a six-year-old boy killed a six-year-old girl, are one of the big moments in the movie. Right after images of crying girls outside the school, the film turns to Heston, who holds a big rifle above his head shouting: "I have only five words for you: from my cold, dead hands!" <br />
Hardy however provides Heston's real Denver and Flint speeches. It turns out that Heston spoke those five words at a completely different occasion in North Carolina a year later. Indeed Heston wears a purple tie and lavender shirt saying the words, while the rest of the speech his shirt is white and his tie red. Moore handily switches between the two locations by editing shots of an applauding audience. <br />
Another striking fact which Moore fails to mention, is that the Flint rally was not exactly right after the shooting, but eight months later, for the occasion of the Bush/Gore elections. Moreover the NRA meeting in Denver was the obligated annual members meeting, planned years in advance, and the NRA cancelled all the supporting festivities out of respect for the Columbine victims. Hardy shows how Moore carefully edited this information out of Heston's speech, leaving only those parts that sound appalling in the context of the school shootings.<br />
Ben Fritz, reporter on manipulative political rhetoric, criticizes Moore for being inconsistent and confusing in his argumentation. He points out that Moore's analysis of, for example, the Canadian situation is full of contradictions. In <em>Bowling for Columbine</em> Moore tries to show how the Canadians' lack of fear accounts for their low murder rate, dismissing all other potential causes, because they exist equally in Canada and the US, as Moore argues. But then why does he film a Canadian ghetto, which looks like Beverly Hills compared to the American ghettos, while he claims that poverty is the same in Canada? Or why does he focus on Canadian health insurance while he states that the culture of fear is the real cause? And why does he attack the NRA while he literally says that guns aren't the problem? <br />
Another Moore critic, author and columnist Christopher Hitchens, underlines Moore's hasty way of directing, which hurries the audience past the contradictory claims. I have to admit that while watching Moore's complicated and up-tempo analysis of the Bush and Bin Laden business relationship, I sometimes lost track. Hitchens also stresses the fact that Moore uses every opportunity to damage president Bush, no matter if he is contradicting himself in that. Whatever Bush does is wrong: not taking action concerning terrorist threats, or taking too much action; sending troops to Iraq, or not sending enough troops. With this opportunism, Hitchens argues, Moore asserts everything and nothing. <br />
In fact Moore is guilty of exactly the same lie telling and mind playing games as the people he criticizes in his movies. In <em>Bowling for Columbine</em>, Hardy analyzes, Moore argues that the media distort reality and hype fear of other Americans, because fear is good for a fast buck. Hardy's response: "Moore distorts reality, hypes fear of other Americans and, well, made several million fast bucks". <br />
It is a pity that Moore's work inclines more to fiction than to fact, to an opinion rather than the truth, because I do agree with that opinion and regret to see it damaged by Moore's manipulative and mendacious way of filmmaking. The issues he speaks about - violence and fear, the war in Iraq and on terrorism, unbalanced capitalism and its consequences - are not lies, they are major problems in today's society that have to be addressed. <br />
Sociology professor Barry Glassner, author of <em>The Culture of Fear. Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things</em> (1999), claims that nowadays too much attention and money is given to fears that are unlikely to occur on a large scale, such as terrorist attacks, drug deaths, gun murders, plane crashes and scary diseases. Instead the focus should be on common problems like unemployment, poverty, health care and environmental pollution, because these affect millions of people every day. Glassner supports his claim with loads of statistical evidence and for example points out that approximately 11 million American children lack health insurance and 12 million are malnourished. <br />
Moore based a substantive part of Bowling for Columbine on Glassner's book, who actually appears in the movie. Together with Moore he walks the streets of Los Angeles South Central, which is known to be an extremely dangerous neighbourhood, since it appears in the crime section of the news almost every night. Glassner however shows that there is nothing to be afraid of, it is a typical case of fear blown out of proportion.       <br />
Also law professor Cass R. Sunstein warns in his book <em>Laws of Fear</em> (2005) for the negative consequences of excessive fear. He attacks the influential Precautionary Principle: the idea that regulators should take action to protect against potential harm. President Bush used this principle as a justification to start the pre-emptive war against Iraq and to pass the Patriot Act, which legitimizes far-reaching infringements on people's privacy. Sunstein argues that the Precautionary Principle is incoherent and dangerous, because risks exist in all thinkable situations. Taking precautionary steps with an exaggerated focus on one risk creates dangers of its own, as the situation in Iraq clearly demonstrates. <br />
Another big issue where Moore puts his finger on is the current practice of capitalism. In <em>Fahrenheit 9/11 </em>he notices that the president of the USA earns a year income of 400.000 dollars, while his economic relationship with Saudi-Arabia yields 1.4 billion dollars spread over three decades. Moore quite rightly asks: "When the president wakes up in the morning, wouldn't he sooner think about what's best for the Saudis, instead of what's best for you and me?", followed by a collection of photos and videos of a big smiling George W. Bush meeting with Arabs, accompanied by happy music. <br />
Whether or not Moore's figures are correct, the above gives an accurate picture of what current politics is about. Noreena Hertz, one of the world's leading young experts on economic globalisation, argues that democracy is heavily losing the battle from capitalism. In her eye-opening book <em>The Silent Takeover</em> (2001) she shows how corporate interests are undemocratically taking over politics, leaving governments with no other choice but to surrender. In today's global environment a refusal to cooperate with big business means economic suicide, Hertz claims, since the hundred biggest multinationals possess 20% of all global credits, and 51 of the 100 largest economies are companies instead of nations. Everything is about market interests, she writes, at the expense of democracy, human rights and ethics.    <br />
In <em>Fahrenheit 9/11</em> Moore furthermore tries to reveal president Bush's connection to the 9/11 attacks. While his evidence is not convincing, Moore has a point in naming the president a terrorist, or the US government in general. Political philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Zizek explains in <em>Welcome to the Desert of the Real</em> (2002) that the current Islamic fundamentalism is an excess of western capitalistic politics. The global capitalistic system is just as fundamentalist as the Muslim terrorists, according to Zizek, because it blindly believes in the free market and uses every means to keep the system in place, and even expand it to the farthest corners of the world. Muslim fundamentalism is nothing but a reaction to this, Zizek argues, and both Islamic as well as western fundamentalism have to be fought. He emphasizes that "the choice between Bush and Bin Laden is not our choice; they are both 'Them' against Us".<br />
Moore's contribution lies not in making a truthful documentary, but in uncovering certain major problems of current society for a broad audience. Because of his incorrect filming practice however, these problems are not being taken seriously, particularly not by the people who should. Still the discussion continues about whether certain scenes are fact or fiction, thereby overshadowing Moore's important, truthful message, or even a debate about it. <br />
I doubt if Moore will ever make a non-deceiving movie. He evidently has a talent for filming, but as one of his critics says: "Moore knows the power of images. He knows that a series of George Bush jr. bloopers has more effect than a political scientist's argument. Therefore he will always choose for the fun and the bloopers instead of the nuances." I can only hope that he finds a way to combine Friday night popcorn with sound argumentation. Meanwhile the real problems continue to make real victims.<br />
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