Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences

Grant

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We can offer you a scholarship for three years. You receive a net grant from about € 1,450 a month in the first year to about € 1,600 a month in the third year (this is an indication). There are possibilities to extend your project to four years by applying for the position of student assistant. In this capacity, you would mainly be involved in teaching, though other activities, such as organising a conference or providing research assistance are also possible.

Section I - Administrative Influence and the Role of Information

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It has often been acclaimed that 'Brussels' is a veritable hothouse of information processing, the central junction of the EU political system where massive streams of politically relevant communications of a most varied origin come together, fuse and condense (e.g. Wessels 1996, Marks et al. 1996; Sandholtz 1996; Schaefer 1996; Blom 2005). Against this background it is tempting to assume a 'strong' informational asymmetry between the supranational bureaucracies (of the Commission, Council and European Parliament) on the one hand and the governments and administrations of the member states on the other. This assumption entails, first, that supranational actors command a substantive surplus of policy-relevant information and expertise compared to national governments and bureaucracies. Backed by the common wisdom of organization theory and public administration that 'the most important resource of bureaucratic influence on policy making is knowledge and expertise' (Peters 2001: 234), it is secondly assumed that this informational surplus enables the supranational institutions of the EU, and especially the European Commission, to play a relatively independent and often decisive role in European decision making, also in areas where policy competencies are formally reserved for representatives of the member-states (Cf. Mazey and Richardson 1994; Pollack 1994, 2003; Beach 2005). This is of course the central tenet of the Supranationalist position in European Studies, whether of a rationalist, historical institutionalist or constructivist making (Cf. Eilstrup-Sangiovanni 2006: 181 ff.). In defending the Intergovernmentalist approach to the process of European integration Andrew Moravcsik has not only denied the existence of any relevant informational surpluses on the side of the supranational institutions (Moravcsik 1993), but - and perhaps more relevant - has also challenged those who invoke the notion of an 'informational asymmetry' as evidence for the truth of Supranationalism to come up with a much more precise interpretation and explanation of the circumstances under which informational asymmetries arise and may have an independent impact on policy making in the EU (Moravcsik 2005). One does not have to buy Moravcsik's claim that only a rationalist 'micro theoretical' model of the transformation of information into decisional power can do the job, to appreciate the general thrust of his critique. The assumption that informational asymmetries favor supra-national administrative levels is often more a speculation than based on sound, theoretically informed empirical research. The proposals grouped in this section aim to contribute to a better insight into the variables that determine the patterns of information-based influence and 'power' exerted by non-elected administrative actors. Project 1: The Role of Administrative Players within the European Parliament Contact person: dr. C. Neuhold Project 2: Public Entrepreneurs in the EU Contact person: dr. J. Hoogenboezem Project 3: Informational Asymmetry and Administrative Governance in European Migration Management: Coordinating 'Safe Country' Positions Contact person: dr. M. Vink Project 4: The Organization of Accountability: Peer Reviews in Global Organizations Contact person: dr. T. Conzelmann Project 5: Permanent Representations as a Source of Influence Contact person: prof. dr. S. Vanhoonacker

Administrative Governance

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The notion of 'administrative governance' is predicated on two different assumptions. The first concerns the influence that administrative actors exert on the content, scope and execution of policies formally decided upon by (democratically elected) 'political' actors. Quite naturally this assumption has fuelled normative worries about the democratic quality of politics. The basic issues of public policies should be decided upon by the democratically chosen representatives of the citizens, not by non-elected, career civil servants. The second assumption, already indicated by the use of the expression 'governance', involves the recognition that the traditional approach to the analysis of bureaucratic influence and (informal) power is of limited use when studying a supra-national polity like the EU or an international regime like the International Atomic Energy Agency. Traditional analyses of bureaucracy based government typically assumed national administrations to represent a mono-centric structure, i.e. a hierarchy operated through a topmost authority, albeit that this ultimate authority may be exerted by an individual as well as by a group or 'college'. In contrast, supra- and international policy-making typically has a 'multilevel' and 'polycentric' character. It involves the cooperation between different political and administrative levels, and between public as well as private actors ('policy networks'), without having recourse to a definite, 'highest' centre of political power. The European Commission, for example, has to share implementing authority with the administrations of the Member States, while EU law-making depends more and more on the tripartite cooperation between European Commission, European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Under such conditions the opportunities and mechanisms of 'bureaucratic politics' differ in important respects from those offered by the typical European domestic administrations, which eventually depend on one centre, i.e. the president or the cabinet. Of course, already from a historical perspective it may be doubted whether modern states have ever lived up to the model of a strict, unified hierarchy. As Michael Mann once put it, the right hand of the state does often not know what the left hand is doing. If only for reasons of a systematic comparison between the bureaucratic operations of supra- and international systems of decision making on the one hand and the functioning of administrations within national polities on the other, the research program will therefore pay attention to the different historic trajectories that led to the diverse administrative structures of particular 19th and 20th century nation states and their transnational relations. In sum, the 'Administrative Governance'-project aims to provide a better understanding of the role and influence of bureaucracy in multi-layered systems of decision making by developing a coherent and interdisciplinary research programme organised around a series of key questions. While the EU polity, being one of the most advanced examples of multi-level governance, will be a central concern, the research program has a broader focus as it will include also the role of bureaucracies in the history of modern nation states and in the emerging system of global governance. Driven by broad empirical interests as well as by theoretical and normative concerns the research project Administrative Governance provides a framework for more focused and circumscribed research projects like, amongst others, PhD.-projects. The projects have been grouped into 3 sections, respectively focusing on administrative influence and the role of information; administrative governance and the politics of information; administrative governance in a historical perspective. Section I - Administrative Influence and the Role of Information 1) The Role of Administrative Players within the European Parliament 2) Public Entrepreneurs in the EU 3) Informational Asymmetry and Administrative Governance in European Migration Management: Coordinating 'Safe Country' Positions 4) The Organisation of Accountability: Peer Reviews in Global Organisations 5) Permanent Representations as a Source of Influence Section II - The Politics of Informing the EU 6) Regulation by Information: The role of Information and Expertise in EU Agencies 7) The Politics of Informing the EU: The Case of Eurostat 8) Politics of Information in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Section III - Administrative Governance in a Historical Perspective 9) The Reform of National Administrations in Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands, 1919-1999 10) The Language of Bureaucracy from the 19th Century to the Present Day 11) Internationalism and the transfer of administrative knowledge, 1840-1919 In addition to the above-mentioned projects, it is also possible to propose alternative research proposals related to the Administrative Governance research programme.

Science, Technology and Society Studies (STS)

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The research programme on Science, Technology and Society investigates the relations between technology, science and society. This comprises a combination of philosophical, historical, sociological and anthropological approaches. The general question is how modern societies are constituted by science and technology, and how, vice versa, social and cultural conditions shape technological and scientific developments. The research focuses on the 20th and 21st centuries, with attention to the historical roots in the 17th-19th centuries. The central tenet is that science (including the humanities and social sciences) and technology (in its material forms and as a discipline) are such pervasive constituents of highly developed societies that our modern culture can only be understood when these key roles are recognized and explicitly studied. More specifically, this research programme has one cenral theme and four specific areas of interest. Its overarching theme is Innovative Cultures. Within the core theme of Innovative Cultures, a limited set of focal areas of interest is defined: • Digital cultures and development: on the use of digital research methods in social sciences and humanities, and their effects on research systems and societal development; • Creative cultures: on the interactions between science, technology, media, and the arts, and on the innovations that result from those interactions; • Vulnerability of technological cultures: on the inevitable, necessary, and problematic vulnerability of innovating societies; • Industrial innovation and research cultures: with an historical perspective on the interactions between industrial and university research systems. To study innovative cultures--and innovations in their symbolic and practical contexts--certain methodological approaches are called for. An interdisciplinary combination of ethnographic research, historical analysis, and discourse analysis of scientific and political texts in a comparative project design will be found in many projects. Candidates with an interest in STS (science, technology and society studies) are invited to submit a proposal for a PhD project within one of the four areas of interest mentioned above. Examples of proposals that would fit this programme are listed below. You are encouraged to apply to one of the projects listed, or to formulate your own proposal closely related to one of the listed examples. Project 1: Mapping the Sound of Cities: Visualization of Noise Pollution in Europe Contact person: prof. dr. K. Bijsterveld Project 2: Televisual spill-over: Border regions, transnational infrastructures, and mediated identity formation in the early days of European television Contact person: dr. A. Fickers Project 3: Risk Cultures in Coastal Engineering Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 4: Risk Governance in Technological Culture Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 5: Constructing vulnerability: Standards, rules and protocols in high-risk technological practices Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 6: Cultures of resilience Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 7: Science, technology, and policy in ecological networks Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 8: Technology and development: opportunities and vulnerabilities of nanotechnology in the developing world Contact person: prof. dr. ir. W. Bijker Project 9: Customize your monitor Contact person: dr. J. Wachelder Project 10: Archiving the web: Impossible dream? Contact person: prof. dr. S. Wyatt Project 11: Digital technologies and the everyday life of scholars Contact person: prof. dr. S. Wyatt

Cultural Memory and Diversity

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We would like to involve PhD students in our explorations of the tensions between cultural memory and cultural diversity. Commemorative institutions such as memorials, monuments, museums and cultural canons are necessarily selective. They are contested sites, or provisional solutions of the struggle over the question of who gets to define what is really worthy of preservation, whose perspectives truly count, and whose voices may just as well be silenced. The media and genres which are employed in the dynamic reappropriations of our cultural heritage impose formative constraints on our possibilities for representing specific voices, perspectives, events and achievements from the past. Therefore, they co-determine our tentative answers to the questions of who will be remembered, and who will be cast into oblivion. We take particular interest in the relationship between the commemorative practices of cities, regions and nations and social processes of in- and exclusion. Every reappropriation of the past strongly impacts on contemporary organizations of social diversity. Now that Western societies are becoming increasingly multicultural, the inevitably selective nature of cultural memory becomes all the more pressing and complex, as the recent 'culture wars' over the canons of Western culture demonstrate. We study the impact of cultural memory on social in- and exclusion in the commemorative practices of the sciences, politics and the arts. Within the context of this overall frame of reference, we present you with the following research themes which are to be further elaborated into specific PhD-projects in your application: Project 1: New Media, Established Arts. Contact persons: dr. R. van de Vall and dr. L. Wesseling Project 2: Detection in Action: Issues of (Dis-)embodiment in Crime Fiction and Forensics, 1975-2005 Contact person: dr. L. Wesseling Project 3: Gender and the Memorial Cultures of Science Contact person: prof. dr. M. Bosch Project 4: Democracy contested; the political essay in the twentieth century Contact person: dr. S. Koenis Project 5: History and Politics: Commissioning the Past Contact person: dr. G. Verbeeck Project 6: Baroque and neobaroque visual regimes Contact person: dr. K. Vanhaesebrouck

Section II - The Politics of Informing the EU

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The (more or less successful) exploitation of informational asymmetries for the promotion of particular interests via the policy process may be referred to as 'politics by information'. But what is actually known about the way (apparently relevant) 'information' is produced, structured, channeled and processed with a view to the formulation, legal design and implementation/enforcement of EU policies! What and where are the main sources of information; how is information selected, condensed and aggregated; who is informing whom and by which means? In short, what do we know about the 'politics of informing the EU'? 'Politics of information' refers to the choices that have to be made in the process of institutionalizing the provision of information, of its standardization and quantification, and to the contestability of these choices. Apart from the decision to invest scarce resources in the production and processing of information in the first place, different forms of information processing may have a different impact with respect to the eventual distribution of the (material, organizational and political) costs and benefits that EU policies generate (Cf. Heritier 1999). Which economic interest are observed as worthy of consideration, fitting whose political agenda? If standardization of information processing at the European level involves a harmonization of the national systems of information procurement, which member states can push through their domestic model, leaving the brunt of adaptation costs to other countries? How are potent informational asymmetries or even monopolies of information distributed over the EU political system? The PhD proposals presented below have an explicit focus on the 'politics of information', taking the politics based on information and expertise only into account in as far as it bears on focal questions. Project 6: Regulation by Information: The role of Information and Expertise in EU Agencies Contact person: dr. E. Versluis Project 7: The Politics of Informing the EU: The Case of Eurostat Contact person: prof. dr. T. Blom Project 8: Politics of Information in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Contact person: prof. dr. S. Vanhoonacker

Section III - Administrative Governance in a Historical Perspective

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The added value of a historical dimension in this programme does not just consist of a 'pre-history' of current forms of administrative governance. The understanding of varieties in administrative governance, within a historical perspective, prompts us to look for patterns of recurrence beneath apparent novelties (i.e. historical manifestations of aspects of governance), and increases our awareness of alternative governance arrangements. The historical projects listed below emphasize change occurring over a longer time frame. To what extent, for example, is supra- and international administrative governance an enlargement of existing governance arrangements? Or, to put it differently, which dimensions of administrative governance, recognizable in present-day EU or world politics, have evident roots in history, and in what way have they changed? Furthermore, by highlighting concepts such as transnationalism, administrative reform, language and communication, epistemic communities, the historical projects help to consolidate the conceptual 'toolkit' of the programme as a whole. Project 9: The Reform of National Administrations in Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands, 1919-1999 Contact person: dr. N. Randeraad Project 10: The Language of Bureaucracy from the 19th Century to the Present Day Contact person: dr. N. Randeraad Project 11: Internationalism and the transfer of administrative knowledge, 1840-1919 Contact person: dr. N. Randeraad

Links

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New research proposals online

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Please click on research suggestions to find our new research proposals.

Contact us

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Mail Address:
Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences Maastricht University
P.O. Box 616
6200 MD Maastricht
Netherlands

Visiting Address
Grote Gracht 90-92
6211 SZ Maastricht

Tel. +31 43 388 2539
Fax. +31 43 388 4917

Programme Officer:
Drs. P. Van Eijs

Research suggestions

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Here you find our research proposals. These proposals are grouped into three themes: (1) administrative governance, (2) science, technology and society (STS) and (3) cultural memory and diversity. To express your interest in a particular suggestion you can submit your CV not later than Sunday 1 June 2008 to the programme officer . As a result, you may recieve an invitation to work with a supervisor on an application. For more information you can contact the member of staff mentioned or the programme officer. Please click on one of these themes below to find the research suggestions related to this theme.

Administrative governance

Science, technology and society studies

Cultural memory and diversity

Admission

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Degree requirements
The key to success for any PhD candidate is an academic attitude and the ambition to become an excellent researcher. In addition, you should have the relevant educational background and skills required by a researcher in the specific field you have chosen. You have completed a research master (MPhil) or an equivalent degree. In some cases, applicants may be required to acquire additional qualifications, for example by entering the second year of our research master (click here for more information). Students with a regular master will only be accepted in exceptional cases. Each application will be assessed by the selection committee.

How to apply
There are two ways to apply for our Graduate School:

You can send us your (brief) ideas for a PhD project together with a CV. Send them directly to a proposed supervisor(for an overview of senior staff, click here) or to the programme officer. As a result, you may recieve an invitation to work with the supervisor you proposed or selected by us, to work on an application. Please send us your proposal and your CV before Sunday 1 June 2008;
You can express your interest in one of the research suggestions which can be found on this website (research suggestions) by submitting a CV to the programme officer. Aa a result, you may recieve an invitation to work with a supervisor on an application. Please send us your CV before Sunday 1 June 2008.

Final applications have to be submitted before Monday 1 September 2008. A complete application consists of a research proposal, a CV, a list of marks of both bachelor and master studies and two recent essays. You have to use the application form which you can find here. There are five scholarships available.

Procedure and planning

Before 1 June 2008: espress your interest in our Graduate School by sending us your CV;

Before 1 September 2008: submit your application;

September 2008: a selection of applicants will be invited to present the proposal for a selection committee;

Before 1 October 2008: the selection committee will reach a decision. Selection will be based on the CV and skills of the candidate, the quality of the proposal and the presentation;

Between 1 November 2008 and 1 January 2009: start of the project.

Alternative opportunities
The faculty regurly offers PhD positions funded by for example the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) or Marie Curie.
Another option is to become involved in our pogramme as an external PhD. To take up an external PhD you will have to find the necessary funding yourself. For more information, contact the programme officer.

Programme overview

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Introduction
Our PhD Programme focuses primarily on offering you education, training and supervision to enable you to become an excellent researcher. The emphasis is on the acquisition of research skills, intensive supervision and collaboration with other PhD candidates and senior staff inside and outside the Faculty. There will be room for other activities, such as teaching or organising a conforerence. You will have the opportunity to develop a broad range of academic skills.

Training and education
Training and education consists of the following elements:

An orientation course introduces you to the university, the faculty, the teaching system, the staff and of course your fellow PhD candidates;
A training programme offered by one of the national graduate schools enables you to acquire research skills and specific knowledge in your field of research (see below);
An additional training programme focuses on general research skills, e.g. academic writing, insight into academic life, English and publishing;
Intensive supervision;
Discussion with and feedback from other PhD candidates and senior staff both inside and outside the faculty by presenting your work in seminars, workshops and conferences;
Participation in the faculty’s seminar series.

National graduate school
You participate in a national training programme which is offered by a national graduate school. These national schools focus on a specific theme and bring together all PhD candidates and senior researchers working in this theme. The Faculty participates in four national graduate research schools: the Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture (WTMC), the Huizinga Institute of Cultural History, the Graduate School for Literary Studies (OSL) and the Netherlands Institute of Government (NIG).

Career opportunities
The purpose of the PhD Programme is to prepare you for a wide range of jobs. Recent PhD graduates from our faculty have found positions at as researcher at a university or research institute, policy advisor, staff member in a museum or consultant.

Research

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Research at the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences focuses on the problem of modernity and modernisation. More specifically, this involves issues concerning culture and problems of meaning and interpretation (Sinngebung), discussions on norms and values, and the images and ideas in which these are couched and issues related to the quality of life. Furthermore, attention is devoted to more structural developments in politics and society, including the reconsideration of traditional political concepts and ideas, in part related to new forms of management and governance, and tendencies toward European integration and globalisation. Specific consideration is also given to the problems associated with the knowledge society and innovation: scientific and technological developments (like the new media), their social consequences and the political and ethical decisions that accompany them.

The emphasis on modernity and modernisation implies that the research effort is mainly geared toward Western culture and society of the 19th, 20th and early 21st centuries.

Programmes

The Faculty’s research is orgnaised within the Research Institute for Arts and Social Sciences. The Institute consists of three research programmes. These programmes organise seminars and workshops on a regular basis and stimulate collaboration between researchers within the Institute.

Programme 1: Politics and Culture in Europe

The perspective of this program is determined by a combination of political science and cultural history. The research focuses in particular on the problem of European integration, both the institutional and cultural aspects of this process. Rather than conceptualizing Europe as a given configuration that coincides with the European Union, the basic tenet is that each debate on Europe as a political unit requires closer reflection on European culture and its values, traditions and internal diversity.

Programme 2: Science, Technology and Society

This program studies the relations between technology, science and society. The research heuristics comprise a combination of philosophical, historical, sociological and anthropological approaches. The central question is how modern societies are constituted by science and technology, and how, vice versa, social and cultural conditions shape technological and scientific developments. The research focuses on the 20th and 21st centuries, with explicit attention for the historical roots in the 17th-19th centuries. The central tenet is that science (including the humanities and social sciences) and technology (in its material forms and as a discipline) are such pervasive constituents of highly developed societies that our modern culture can only be understood when these key roles are recognized and explicitly studied.

Programme 3: Science and Culture: Texts and Contexts

This research program explores the field of tension between knowledge, imagination and mediation, or, to put it differently, between sciences and arts, technologies and media. Scientific theories as well as imaginative pers¬pectives have to be embodied in words, pictures, material artifacts and social institutions in order to come across. These visual, verbal, technological and institutional mediations create a common ground between sciences and arts, facilitating different types of interaction between the two domains. This research program focuses on the points of intersection between sciences, arts, technologies, and media, including the political dimensions of the different ways in which they implicate each other. ‘Sciences’ include both the natural and the social sciences, the arts both literature and the visual arts.

Core themes

The Institute’s research is clustered around five interdisciplinary core themes. These themes go beyond the programmes: researchers from different programmes work together on these core themes:

European governance

The European integration process has spawned new forms of governance that also require new conceptual and theoretical frameworks. The academic debate is currently dominated by the so-called multi-level governance model. This prevailing paradigm is marked, however, by a relative neglect of the cultural dimension of the European integration process – an issue that needs to be critically considered and corrected. In this research project this is done from an interdisciplinary angle, based on a combination of insights from political science, history, legal studies and public administration. This approach also has a comparative dimension, in the sense that the analytical efforts are aimed at a comparison of various countries and policy domains.

Europe and the world

The question ‘What is Europe?’ immediately refers to the relationship between Europe and the non-European world. This relationship is all the more important in an era of globalisation, whereby regions that are far apart become part of networks of worldwide interdependency and are confronted with common problems such as global distribution of wealth and poverty, the environment and migration. This core theme explores the various dimensions of globalization and the specific role of Europe in that process. The research is geared to theory and the analysis of ‘globalisation’ as a phenomenon with the help of sociological and anthropological views. This theoretical approach is combined with the study of relevant historical backgrounds following the so-called world history-approach. This involves the historical construction of ‘Europe’ vis-à-vis other continents and its associated values such as democracy and tolerance, but also the exchange (and clash) of ideas, artifacts and technologies that in a centuries-long and all but one-directional process has led to the current ‘world system’. Finally, these theoretical and historical considerations are linked with the debate about the place Europe has within this world system and, more in particular, to the question to what extent the EU succeeds (and can succeed) in realising its claims on a global stage through its Common Foreign and Security Policy.

The culture of innovation

This project situates the yearning for constant innovation and the creation of a ‘knowledge society’ in a philosophical, historical and sociological perspective. How do highly developed societies renew themselves, and which role is played therein by science and technology? What is the contribution of policymakers and experts and what in fact do they mean by ‘innovation’? How are new ideas and artifacts disseminated across the boundaries of disciplines, companies and countries? But also: where do such efforts fail or meet with resistance, and which social and cultural factors are responsible for that? In addressing these and similar questions, it is important to build on existing theories of science and technology development, as well as on political-philosophical and sociological research of the role of experts in modern society. Attention is thereby devoted in particular to the role of tacit knowledge, networks of expertise, standardization, risk and vulnerability control in innovation, and to the significance of innovation for democracy.

Digital culture

Digital culture proves to be less uniform than theorists anticipated. This research is aimed at the diversity of cultural and social practices in which digitalisation is deployed. The issue is how material realities and virtual worlds construe each other and what the mediating role of technology thereby is. Various levels can be identified, such as: the basic concepts for ordering both spheres (‘network’, ‘database’, ‘navigation’); the aesthetic design (spatial, temporal); the practices of social organisation, evaluation and regulation (online community formation). The research starts from studies of concrete problems and cases in which a theoretical-systematic and cultural-historical frame reinforce each other. The historical axis focuses on a comparison between ‘old’ and ‘new’ media. The systematic axis involves analyses of the mediation of perception, imagination and engagement as shaped in science, art, journalism and entertainment.

Beyond the three cultures

This research theme is geared toward the boundary interactions between the natural sciences and the social sciences on the one hand and the arts/humanities on the other. It involves the following areas of attention: 1. the scientific and artistic co-production of identities, concepts and practices. This may apply to regional identities (cf. the construction of the identity of both Dutch and Belgian Limburg in regional literature, folklore and regional historiography), age-related identities (cf. the construction of the child in both fiction and educational texts), ethnic identities, etc. In the case of concepts this may apply to literary/mythological and natural science meanings of notions such as ‘chaos’ or ‘entropy’. In the case of practices this pertains to, for instance, various experimental practices in science and visual art. 2. the demarcation struggle between the disciplines (including the arts). How do sciences and arts demarcate their identities vis-à-vis each other? How do they articulate their claims to authority in competition with each other? How do these particular demarcations shift in the course of time? 3. the development of symmetric methodologies for research of the various interactions between the three cultures. If studies of the relations between the arts and sciences used to give priority to science, this hierarchy is increasingly challenged. This is why it is important to develop methodological instruments that allow for a genuine dialogue between the sciences and the arts as equal partners. This entails, for example, experiments involving methodological transfer (such as the application of methods originally developed for the study of literary texts to the analysis of scientific publications or the explanation of specific phenomena in poetry with the help of biological theories).

More information can be found in our scientific report.